Inheritance and Fitness Costs of Laboratory-Selected Resistance to Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 Corn in Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of corn and is currently managed with corn hybrids that produce insecticidal proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt corn kills rootworm larvae and reduces larval feeding injury to corn roots. The Bt protein Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1, previously named Cry34/35Ab1, has been widely used in transgenic Bt corn for management of western corn rootworm, and field-evolved resistance has been found in some populations. In the United States, the refuge strategy is used to manage Bt resistance, with refuges of non-Bt host plants serving as a source of Bt-susceptible individuals, which in turn reduce the frequency of homozygous resistant individuals within a population. As such, the dominance of resistance strongly influences resistance evolution, with faster evolution of resistance when resistance is not recessive. Additionally, selection for resistance by a Bt crop leads to the accumulation of resistance alleles within refuge populations, thereby reducing the capacity of refuges to delay resistance. However, fitness costs can remove resistance alleles from refuge populations and preserve the dynamic of refuges producing Bt-susceptible genotypes. Bt-susceptible and Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1-resistant western corn rootworm were used to quantify the inheritance and fitness costs of resistance. We found that Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 resistance was not recessive and had the accompanying fitness costs of slower developmental rate to adulthood and lower egg viability. This research will help improve insect resistance management by providing a better understanding of the risk of western corn rootworm evolving resistance to transgenic corn that produces Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1.