Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Feb 18;195(3):413. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11018-x.
Diwali has become an occasion of air and noise pollution, and the release of particulate matter and toxic gases has chronic and acute effects on people and their environment. Thus, an air quality assessment study was done by CSIR-CSMCRI covering the pre-to-post Diwali 2021 period (5 days) in the three locations (traffic, residential, and control) of Bhavnagar. The average 24-h concentration of PM10 (380 µg/m), PM2.5 (182.2 µg/m), and SPM (403 µg/m) was significantly higher during Diwali, exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The concentrations of SO and NO were 121.8 µg/m and 102.1 µg/m. Metals like Zn, Al, Pb, and Mn were found in higher concentrations during the study. The air quality index (AQI) was maximum on Diwali, resembling very poor air quality. More elements and oxides were detected in PM2.5 (S, Al, Mg, Ba, and Zn and their oxides) than in PM10 (Fe and S) through WDXRF. Water-soluble anions like SO, Cl, and NO were observed during the study, with a higher SO (64%) on Diwali. The PM10 morphology and mapping of elements were done using SEM-EDX. Emerging contaminants, specifically phthalate groups, were detected through GCMS. The enrichment factor (EF) showed Zn and Pb originating from anthropogenic activities. The air quality data was validated using a variance test, least significance difference (LSD), correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). This paper is the first to highlight the air quality assessment during Diwali for a western coastal place in India. It is time to implement regulations on burning firecrackers for pollution reduction, aiming to achieve a sustainable atmosphere.
排灯节已成为空气污染和噪音污染的一个节日，颗粒物和有毒气体的排放会对人和环境造成慢性和急性影响。因此，CSIR-CSMCRI 进行了空气质量评估研究，该研究涵盖了 2021 年排灯节前（5 天）至后（5 天）的三个地点（交通、住宅和对照点）的空气质量。在排灯节期间，PM10（380µg/m）、PM2.5（182.2µg/m）和 SPM（403µg/m）的 24 小时平均浓度明显较高，超过了国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS）。SO 和 NO 的浓度分别为 121.8µg/m 和 102.1µg/m。研究期间发现 Zn、Al、Pb 和 Mn 等金属的浓度较高。在排灯节期间，空气质量指数（AQI）最高，空气质量极差。与 PM10（Fe 和 S）相比，通过 WDXRF 检测到 PM2.5（S、Al、Mg、Ba 和 Zn 及其氧化物）中含有更多的元素和氧化物。研究期间观察到水溶性阴离子，如 SO、Cl 和 NO，排灯节期间 SO 的含量更高（64%）。使用 SEM-EDX 对 PM10 的形态和元素进行了绘图。通过 GCMS 检测到了新兴污染物，特别是邻苯二甲酸酯类。富集因子（EF）显示 Zn 和 Pb 源自人为活动。使用方差检验、最小显著差异（LSD）、相关性和主成分分析（PCA）对空气质量数据进行了验证。本文首次强调了印度西部沿海地区排灯节期间的空气质量评估。现在是时候实施减少污染的鞭炮燃放规定，以实现可持续的大气环境。
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