Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India.
Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Dec;29(58):88269-88287. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21906-3. Epub 2022 Jul 13.
Urban air pollution is a growing menace leading to human discomfort, increased hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality. This study deals with deteriorated air quality due to firecracker bursting during Diwali in Lucknow. Inhalable particulates and gaseous pollutants were monitored during Diwali 2020 using air samplers. Elements, ions, and surface morphology of particles were analyzed using ICP-MS, ion chromatograph, and SEM-EDX, respectively. PM, PM, SO, and NO were 558, 352, 44, and 86 μg/m during Diwali night and 233, 101, 17, and 40 μg/m on pre-Diwali night while 241, 122, 24, and 43 μg/m on Diwali day. Concentrations surged for PM: 139% and 132%, PM: 249% and 189%, SO: 159% and 83%, and NO: 115% and 100% on Diwali night compared to pre-Diwali night and corresponding Diwali day, respectively. Al, K, Ba, and B showed dominance in PM whereas Zn, Al, Ba, and K in PM on Diwali night. The order of metal abundance in PM was Cd < Co < Ag < As < Cr < Ni < Cu < Bi < Pb < Mn < Sr < Fe < B < Zn < Al < Ba < K. Cations NH, K, Mg, Ca, and anions F, Cl, NO, Br, NO, SO, PO showed a 2-8 fold increase on Diwali night relative to pre-Diwali night. Average metal concentrations varied by 2.2, 1.6, and 0.09 times on Diwali than pre-Diwali in residential, commercial, and industrial areas, respectively. PM concentration increased by 458% and 1140% while PM, 487%, and 2247% than respective NAAQS and WHO standards. Tiny firecracker particles vary in toxicity as compared to vehicular emissions and have enhanced bioavailability leading to severe threat in terms of LRI, COPD, and atherosclerosis for city dwellers. It is imperative to recognize the present status of ambient air quality and implement regulatory strategies for emission reduction.
城市空气污染是一种日益严重的威胁，导致人体不适、住院率增加、发病率和死亡率上升。本研究探讨了勒克瑙排灯节期间鞭炮爆炸导致的空气质量恶化问题。在 2020 年排灯节期间，使用空气采样器监测可吸入颗粒物和气态污染物。使用 ICP-MS、离子色谱仪和 SEM-EDX 分别分析元素、离子和颗粒表面形貌。排灯节晚上的 PM、PM、SO 和 NO 分别为 558、352、44 和 86μg/m，排灯节前夜为 233、101、17 和 40μg/m，排灯节当天为 241、122、24 和 43μg/m。PM 浓度分别飙升 139%和 132%，PM 浓度分别飙升 249%和 189%，SO 浓度分别飙升 159%和 83%，NO 浓度分别飙升 115%和 100%，分别与排灯节前夜和相应的排灯节当天相比。Al、K、Ba 和 B 在 PM 中占主导地位，而在 PM 中占主导地位的是 Zn、Al、Ba 和 K。PM 中金属丰度的顺序为 Cd<Co<Ag<As<Cr<Ni<Cu<Bi<Pb<Mn<Sr<Fe<B<Zn<Al<Ba<K。NH、K、Mg、Ca 阳离子和 F、Cl、NO、Br、NO、SO、PO 阴离子在排灯节晚上的浓度比排灯节前夜增加了 2-8 倍。在住宅、商业和工业区，与排灯节前相比，金属浓度分别平均变化了 2.2、1.6 和 0.09 倍。PM 浓度分别增加了 458%和 1140%，而 PM、PM 和 PM 分别比各自的 NAAQS 和世卫组织标准高出 487%和 2247%。与机动车排放相比，小型鞭炮颗粒的毒性不同，且生物利用度增强，这对城市居民的下呼吸道感染、慢性阻塞性肺病和动脉粥样硬化构成了严重威胁。必须认识到当前的环境空气质量状况，并实施减排的监管策略。
