Amfo Bismark, Aidoo Robert, Osei Mensah James, Maanikuu Patrick Muotono Izideen
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR), Sunyani, Ghana.
Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.
Heliyon. 2023 Feb 1;9(2):e13383. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13383. eCollection 2023 Feb.
Working conditions and wellbeing (quality of life) could be linked, and they in turn enhance social and economic development. Nevertheless, working conditions of farmhands have largely been ignored in policy and research. We explored working conditions of migrant and native farmhands on Ghana's cocoa farms, and implications on wellbeing, using primary data from 600 respondents. Multidimensional Poverty Index, Department for International Development sustainable livelihood approach, World Food Programme asset score, Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression and multinomial logistic regression were adopted. Living standards, resilience, health and asset ownership of farmhands were generally low. Natives had higher living standards than migrants. However, migrants had better food security, and were more resilient to shocks than natives. Working and living conditions like years as a farmhand, closeness to social amenities, years migrant had stayed in community, type of migrant, being joined by a household member, working hours and days, type of agreement, category of farmhand, bonuses, satisfaction with working conditions, and income influence living standards, resilience, health and asset ownership. Thus, there is a link between working conditions and wellbeing of cocoa farmhands. Farmhands should be given long-term contracts, bonuses/incentives and personal protective equipment (PPE) by cocoa farmers. Government and private agencies should provide social amenities/infrastructure in cocoa-growing communities. Farmhands should do their own farms and join associations.
工作条件与福祉（生活质量）可能相互关联，进而促进社会和经济发展。然而，农场工人的工作条件在政策制定和研究中很大程度上被忽视了。我们利用600名受访者的原始数据，探究了加纳可可农场中移民和本地农场工人的工作条件及其对福祉的影响。采用了多维贫困指数、国际发展部的可持续生计方法、世界粮食计划署资产评分、泽尔纳看似不相关回归以及多项逻辑回归。农场工人的生活水平、恢复力、健康状况和资产拥有量普遍较低。本地人比移民有更高的生活水平。然而，移民的粮食安全状况更好，并且比本地人更能抵御冲击。诸如当农场工人的年限、与社会便利设施的距离、移民在社区居住的年限、移民类型、是否有家庭成员一同前来、工作时间和天数、协议类型、农场工人类别、奖金、对工作条件的满意度以及收入等工作和生活条件会影响生活水平、恢复力、健康状况和资产拥有量。因此，可可农场工人的工作条件与福祉之间存在联系。可可种植农户应给予农场工人长期合同、奖金/激励措施和个人防护装备（PPE）。政府和私人机构应在可可种植社区提供社会便利设施/基础设施。农场工人应经营自己的农场并加入协会。
