School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 7;20(4):2875. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042875.
The chloride in water frequently exceeds the standard; directly quoting foreign water-quality criteria (WQC) or standards will inevitably reduce the scientific value of the water-quality standard (WQS) in China. Additionally, this may lead to the under- or overprotection of water bodies. This study summarized the sources, distribution, pollution status, and hazards of chloride in China's water bodies. Additionally, we compared and analyzed the basis for setting WQS limits for chloride in China; we systematically analyzed the basis for setting the WQC for chloride in foreign countries, especially the United States. Finally, we collected and screened data on the toxicity of chloride to aquatic organisms; we also used the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to derive the WQC value for chloride, which is 187.5 mg·L. We put forward a recommended value for freshwater WQS for chloride in China: less than 200 mg·L. The study of a freshwater WQC for chloride is not only a key point of environmental research, but also an urgent demand to ensure water ecological protection in China. The results of this study are of great significance for the environmental management of chloride, protection of aquatic organisms, and risk assessment, especially for the revision of WQSs.
水中的氯常常超标；直接引用国外水质标准（WQC）或标准，必然会降低中国水质标准（WQS）的科学性。此外，这可能导致水体的保护不足或过度。本研究总结了中国水体中氯的来源、分布、污染状况和危害。此外，我们比较和分析了中国制定 WQS 氯限值的依据；我们系统地分析了国外，特别是美国制定氯 WQC 的依据。最后，我们收集和筛选了氯对水生生物毒性的数据；我们还使用物种敏感性分布（SSD）方法推导出氯的 WQC 值，即 187.5mg·L。我们提出了中国淡水 WQS 中氯的推荐值：小于 200mg·L。研究淡水氯的 WQC 不仅是环境研究的重点，也是确保中国水生态保护的迫切需求。本研究结果对氯的环境管理、水生生物保护和风险评估具有重要意义，特别是对 WQS 的修订。
