Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 11;20(4):3175. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043175.
The use of fluoride (F) in the prevention of dental caries is established. However, a high amount of F intake during tooth development can cause dental fluorosis The aim of this study was to analyze variations in F concentrations in chocolate bars (CB), chocolate cookies (CC), infant cereals (IC), and chocolate milk drinks (CD) to determine the daily intake of F from different sources by children at the age of risk for developing dental fluorosis. Distinct brands of CB, CC, IC, and CD were analyzed. Fluoride was separated by hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Analysis was made in triplicate with an F ion-specific electrode. F ingestion (mg/kg body weight) was evaluated with the suggested consumption (0.05-0.07 mg/kg/day) for children aged 24 months (12 kg). The concentrations for all the analyzed products ranged from 0.025 to 1.827 µg/g F. The mean (range) F concentrations were CB= 0.210 ± 0.205 µg/g (0.073-0.698, n = 8), CC = 0.366 ± 0.416 µg/g (0.320-1.827, n = 9), IC = 0.422 ± 0.395 µg/g (0.073-1.061, n = 5), and CD = 0.169 ± 0.170 µg/mL (0.025-0.443, n = 12). The products that had the highest concentration in the categories CB, CC, IC, and CD, respectively, were Nescau-Ball (0.698 µg/g), Passatempo (1.827 µg/g), Milnutri (1.061 µg/g), and Toddynho (0.443 µg/mL). The consumption of only one unit of Toddynho (CD) is equivalent to more than 11% of the maximum suggested daily intake for a 24-month-old child (0.07 mg/kg body weight). When one product from each category is consumed together only once a day, this consumption is equivalent to approximately 24% of the suggested daily intake of fluoride for a 24-month-old child. The presence of high levels of fluoride in certain products suggests that they play a significant role in overall fluoride intake. It is crucial to closely monitor the fluoride content of food and drinks that are consumed by children who are at risk for dental fluorosis, and for product labels to clearly display the fluoride concentrations.
氟化物（F）在预防龋齿方面的应用已得到证实。然而，在牙齿发育过程中摄入大量的氟化物会导致氟斑牙。本研究的目的是分析巧克力棒（CB）、巧克力曲奇（CC）、婴儿麦片（IC）和巧克力奶饮料（CD）中氟化物浓度的变化，以确定处于发生氟斑牙风险的儿童从不同来源摄入氟化物的日常摄入量。对不同品牌的 CB、CC、IC 和 CD 进行了分析。采用六甲基二硅氧烷促进扩散分离氟化物。用 F 离子特异性电极进行了三次分析。用 0.05-0.07mg/kg/天的建议摄入量（24 个月龄，12kg）评估儿童的氟化物摄入量（mg/kg 体重）。所有分析产品的氟化物浓度范围为 0.025-1.827μg/g F。平均（范围）氟化物浓度为 CB=0.210±0.205μg/g（0.073-0.698，n=8）、CC=0.366±0.416μg/g（0.320-1.827，n=9）、IC=0.422±0.395μg/g（0.073-1.061，n=5）和 CD=0.169±0.170μg/mL（0.025-0.443，n=12）。CB、CC、IC 和 CD 类别中浓度最高的产品分别为 Nescau-Ball（0.698μg/g）、Passatempo（1.827μg/g）、Milnutri（1.061μg/g）和 Toddynho（0.443μg/mL）。仅食用一份 Toddynho（CD）就相当于超过 24 个月大儿童每日建议最大摄入量的 11%（0.07mg/kg 体重）。当每天仅食用一种来自每个类别的产品一次时，这种摄入量相当于约 24%的 24 个月大儿童每日推荐氟化物摄入量。某些产品中存在高水平的氟化物表明它们在整体氟化物摄入中起着重要作用。密切监测处于发生氟斑牙风险的儿童所食用的食物和饮料中的氟化物含量非常重要，产品标签也应明确显示氟化物浓度。
