Effect of monolayer spontaneous curvature on constant tension-induced pore formation in lipid bilayers.

The methodology of constant tension-induced rupture of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) has provided information on tension-induced pore formation. This method was used to investigate the effect of spontaneous curvature (H) for a lipid monolayer on the rate constant (k) for constant tension (σ)-induced rupture, which originates from pore formation in lipid bilayers. Lipids were incorporated with different H values into GUV membranes to change the overall H value for the GUV monolayer. The dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG)/dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) (4/6, molar ratio, here and elsewhere) monolayer has a negative H, whereas the DOPG/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) (4/6) monolayer has an essentially zero H. A higher tension was required to induce the rupture of DOPG/DOPE (4/6)-GUVs compared with DOPG/DOPC (4/6)-GUVs. The line tension (Γ) for a pre-pore in DOPG/DOPE (4/6)-GUVs, determined by the analysis of the tension dependence of k, was 1.5 times larger than that in DOPG/DOPC (4/6)-GUVs. The k values for GUVs comprising DOPG/DOPC/18:1 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (40/55/10), which has a positive H, were larger than those for DOPG/DOPC (4/6)-GUVs under the same tension. The Γ value for DOPG/DOPC/LPC (40/55/10)-GUVs was almost half that for DOPG/DOPC (4/6)-GUVs. These results indicate that Γ decreases with increasing H, which results in an increase in k. Based on these results, the effect of H on k and Γ is discussed.