Carpendale Jeremy I M, Wallbridge Beau
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
Front Psychol. 2023 Feb 14;14:1059646. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059646. eCollection 2023.
Explaining how children first become active prosocial and then later moral agents requires, we argue, beginning with action and interaction with others. We take a process-relational perspective and draw on developmental systems theory in arguing that infants cannot be born knowing about prosociality or morality or anything else. Instead, they are born with emerging abilities to act and react. Their biological embodiment links them to their environment and creates the social environment in which they develop. A clear distinction between biological and social levels cannot be made in the context of ongoing development because they are thoroughly interwoven in a bidirectional system in which they mutually create each other. We focus on infants' emerging ability to interact and develop within a human developmental system, and prosociality and morality emerge at the level of interaction. Caring is a constitutive aspect of the forms of experience in which infants are embedded in the process of becoming persons. Infants are immersed in a world of mutual responsiveness within caring relationships that are infused with concern, interest, and enjoyment. In such a developmental system, infants become persons when they are treated as persons.
我们认为，要解释儿童最初如何成为积极的亲社会者，以及后来如何成为有道德的个体，需要从他们与他人的行动和互动开始说起。我们采用过程关系视角，并借鉴发展系统理论，认为婴儿出生时并不知晓亲社会行为、道德或其他任何事物。相反，他们天生具有行动和反应的初现能力。他们的生物实体将他们与环境联系起来，并创造出他们得以发展的社会环境。在持续发展的背景下，无法明确区分生物层面和社会层面，因为它们在一个双向系统中紧密交织，相互塑造。我们关注婴儿在人类发展系统中互动和发展的初现能力，亲社会行为和道德在互动层面出现。关爱是婴儿在成为人的过程中所融入的体验形式的一个构成性方面。婴儿沉浸在一个相互回应的世界中，存在于充满关切、兴趣和愉悦的关爱关系里。在这样一个发展系统中，当婴儿被当作人来对待时，他们就成为了人。
