Peterson Hope, Laurienti Paul J, Rejeski W Jack, Fanning Jason, Gauvin Lise
Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157 USA.
Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157 USA.
Int J Alcohol Drug Res. 2022;10(1):3-14. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.399. Epub 2022 Dec 29.
Adverse childhood experiences, ranging from childhood trauma to neglect or mistreatment, show associations with alcohol dependence in adulthood. Alcohol researchers have not yet clearly demonstrated the potential impact of childhood maltreatment on everyday drinking in alcohol consumers who do not have an alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study examined whether a history of childhood neglect results in differential ratings of stress, affect, and desire to drink, during typical alcohol consumption in moderate to heavy drinkers without an AUD.
The parent study from which these analyses were generated recruited overall healthy, albeit moderate to heavy alcohol users who fell above National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) classifications for low-risk drinking. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) responses were collected, and real-time surveys were collected in participants' natural environments approximately every three hours between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. using iPhones equipped with a study-created application probing stress, affect, and desire for alcohol, while participants followed their typical drinking routine (3 days) and during a brief period of imposed abstinence (3 days).
Thirty-six participants averaging 41 years of age and consuming an average of 17 (±5) drinks per week participated in this study. CTQ responses showed low prevalence of childhood abuse, but moderate to high emotional (M = 17.39, SD = 6.77) and physical neglect (M = 11.11, SD = 3.31) scores. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher stress and lower affect ratings among participants reporting higher physical neglect. Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with decreased stress, and increased affect and desire for alcohol. A significant interaction showed that as childhood physical neglect ratings increased, the benefits observed following drinking (of decreased stress, and increased affect and desire for alcohol) were reduced.
These results suggest that moderate to heavy healthy daily drinkers with histories of greater childhood physical neglect experience poorer mood and higher stress on a daily basis, with smaller improvement experienced from drinking alcohol. Among moderate to heavy daily drinkers without an AUD, those with greater childhood physical neglect experience poorer mood and higher stress on a daily basis, and have smaller improvements in stress, affect and desire while/following drinking alcohol than those with less childhood physical neglect.
童年不良经历，从童年创伤到忽视或虐待，都显示出与成年期酒精依赖有关联。酒精研究人员尚未明确证明童年虐待对没有酒精使用障碍（AUD）的酒精消费者日常饮酒的潜在影响。本研究调查了童年忽视史是否会导致在没有AUD的中度至重度饮酒者的典型饮酒过程中，对压力、情绪和饮酒欲望产生不同的评分。
进行这些分析所依据的母研究招募了总体健康的中度至重度酒精使用者，他们超过了美国国立酒精滥用与酒精中毒研究所（NIAAA）的低风险饮酒分类标准。收集了儿童创伤问卷（CTQ）的回答，并使用配备了研究创建的应用程序的iPhone在上午9点至晚上9点之间大约每三小时在参与者的自然环境中收集实时调查，该应用程序探测压力、情绪和对酒精的欲望，同时参与者遵循他们的典型饮酒习惯（3天）以及在短暂的强制戒酒期（3天）。
36名平均年龄41岁、每周平均饮用17（±5）杯酒的参与者参与了本研究。CTQ回答显示童年虐待的发生率较低，但情感（M = 17.39，SD = 6.77）和身体忽视（M = 11.11，SD = 3.31）得分中等至高。多层次建模显示，报告身体忽视程度较高的参与者的压力明显更高，情绪评分更低。饮酒与压力降低、情绪改善以及对酒精的欲望增加显著相关。一个显著的交互作用表明，随着童年身体忽视评分的增加，饮酒后观察到的益处（压力降低、情绪改善以及对酒精的欲望增加）会减少。
这些结果表明，有较多童年身体忽视史的中度至重度健康每日饮酒者日常情绪较差，压力较高，饮酒带来的改善较小。在没有AUD的中度至重度每日饮酒者中，童年身体忽视程度较高的人日常情绪较差，压力较高，并且与童年身体忽视程度较低的人相比，在饮酒期间/之后压力、情绪和欲望的改善较小。
