A review of challenges and prospects of 3D cell-based culture models used for studying drug induced liver injury during early phases of drug development.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the leading cause of compound attrition during drug development. Over the years, a battery of cell culture toxicity tests is being conducted to evaluate the toxicity of compounds prior to testing in laboratory animals. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models are commonly used and have provided a great deal of knowledge; however, these models often fall short in mimicking natural structures of tissues . Testing in humans is the most logical method, but unfortunately there are ethical limitations associated with human tests. To overcome these limitations better human-relevant, predictive models are required. The past decade has witnessed significant efforts towards the development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models better mimicking physiology. 3D cell culture has advantages in being representative of the interactions of cells and when validated can act as an interphase between 2D cell culture models and animal models. The current review seeks to provide an overview of the challenges that make biomarkers used for detection of DILI not to be sensitive enough during drug development and explore how 3D cell culture models can be used to address the gap with the current models.