Insights into the differentiation and adaptation within Circaeasteraceae from genome sequencing and resequencing.

and are sister species that reproduce sexually and mainly asexually respectively, providing a good system for comparative genome evolution between taxa with different reproductive models. Comparative genome analyses revealed the two species have similar genome size, but encodes many more genes. The gene families specific to show significant enrichment of genes associated with defense response, while those gene families specific to are enriched in genes regulating root system development. Collinearity analyses revealed experienced two rounds of whole-genome duplication. st outlier test across 25  populations uncovered a close inter-relationship between abiotic stress and genetic variability. Genetic feature comparisons showed presents much higher genome heterozygosity, transposable element load, linkage disequilibrium degree, and π/π ratio. This study provides new insights into understanding the genetic differentiation and adaptation within ancient lineages characterized by multiple reproductive models.