Amulya Gudla, Moghal Arif Ali Baig, Almajed Abdullah
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Mar 2;16(5):2065. doi: 10.3390/ma16052065.
The utilization of industrial by-products as stabilizers is gaining attention from the sustainability perspective. Along these lines, granite sand (GS) and calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) are used as alternatives to traditional stabilizers for cohesive soil (clay). The unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was taken as a performance indicator (as a subgrade material for low-volume roads). A series of tests were performed by varying the dosages of GS (30%, 40%, and 50%) and CLS (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) for different curing periods (0, 7, and 28 days). This study revealed that the optimal dosages of granite sand (GS) are 35%, 34%, 33%, and 32% for dosages of calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively. These values are needed to maintain a reliability index greater than or equal to 3.0 when the coefficient of variation (COV) of the minimum specified value of the CBR is 20% for a 28-day curing period. The proposed RBDO (reliability-based design optimization) presents an optimal design methodology for designing low-volume roads when GS and CLS are blended for clay soils. The optimal mix, i.e., 70% clay blended with 30% GS and 0.5% CLS (exhibiting the highest CBR value) is considered an appropriate dosage for the pavement subgrade material. Carbon footprint analysis (CFA) was performed on a typical pavement section according to Indian Road Congress recommendations. It is observed that the use of GS and CLS as stabilizers of clay reduces the carbon energy by 97.52% and 98.53% over the traditional stabilizers lime and cement at 6% and 4% dosages, respectively.
从可持续发展的角度来看，利用工业副产品作为稳定剂正受到关注。基于此，花岗岩砂（GS）和木质素磺酸钙（CLS）被用作粘性土（粘土）传统稳定剂的替代品。未浸泡的加州承载比（CBR）被用作性能指标（作为低交通量道路的路基材料）。通过改变GS（30%、40%和50%）和CLS（0.5%、1%、1.5%和2%）的剂量，针对不同养护期（0、7和28天）进行了一系列试验。本研究表明，对于木质素磺酸钙（CLS）剂量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%时，花岗岩砂（GS）的最佳剂量分别为35%、34%、33%和32%。当CBR最小规定值的变异系数（COV）为20%且养护期为28天时，需要这些值来维持可靠性指标大于或等于3.0。所提出的基于可靠性的设计优化（RBDO）为GS和CLS混合用于粘土时设计低交通量道路提供了一种优化设计方法。最佳混合料，即70%粘土与30% GS和0.5% CLS混合（表现出最高的CBR值）被认为是路面路基材料的合适剂量。根据印度公路大会的建议，对一个典型路面路段进行了碳足迹分析（CFA）。可以观察到，使用GS和CLS作为粘土稳定剂时，与分别以6%和4%剂量使用的传统稳定剂石灰和水泥相比，碳能源分别减少了97.52%和98.53%。
