Department of Information Management, China University of Technology, Taipei City 11695, Taiwan.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Feb 28;23(5):2664. doi: 10.3390/s23052664.
Because of the decentralized trait of the blockchain and the Internet of vehicles, both are very suitable for the architecture of the other. This study proposes a multi-level blockchain framework to secure information security on the Internet of vehicles. The main motivation of this study is to propose a new transaction block and ensure the identity of traders and the non-repudiation of transactions through the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm ECDSA. The designed multi-level blockchain architecture distributes the operations within the intra_cluster blockchain and the inter_cluster blockchain to improve the efficiency of the entire block. On the cloud computing platform, we exploit the threshold key management protocol, and the system can recover the system key as long as the threshold partial key is collected. This avoids the occurrence of PKI single-point failure. Thus, the proposed architecture ensures the security of OBU-RSU-BS-VM. The proposed multi-level blockchain framework consists of a block, intra-cluster blockchain and inter-cluster blockchain. The roadside unit RSU is responsible for the communication of vehicles in the vicinity, similar to a cluster head on the Internet of vehicles. This study exploits RSU to manage the block, and the base station is responsible for managing the intra-cluster blockchain named intra_clusterBC, and the cloud server at the back end is responsible for the entire system blockchain named inter_clusterBC. Finally, RSU, base stations and cloud servers cooperatively construct the multi-level blockchain framework and improve the security and the efficiency of the operation of the blockchain. Overall, in order to protect the security of the transaction data of the blockchain, we propose a new transaction block structure and adopt the elliptic curve cryptographic signature ECDSA to ensure that the Merkle tree root value is not changed and also make sure the transaction identity and non-repudiation of transaction data. Finally, this study considers information security in a cloud environment, and therefore we propose a secret-sharing and secure-map-reducing architecture based on the identity confirmation scheme. The proposed scheme with decentralization is very suitable for distributed connected vehicles and can also improve the execution efficiency of the blockchain.
由于区块链和车联网的去中心化特点，两者都非常适合对方的架构。本研究提出了一种多层区块链框架，以确保车联网的信息安全。本研究的主要动机是通过椭圆曲线数字签名算法 ECDSA 提出一种新的交易块，并确保交易者的身份和交易的不可抵赖性。设计的多层区块链架构将 intra_cluster 区块链和 inter_cluster 区块链内的操作进行分配，以提高整个区块的效率。在云计算平台上，我们利用门限密钥管理协议，只要收集到门限部分密钥，就可以恢复系统密钥。这避免了 PKI 单点故障的发生。因此，所提出的架构确保了 OBU-RSU-BS-VM 的安全性。所提出的多层区块链框架由块、intra-cluster 区块链和 inter-cluster 区块链组成。路边单元 RSU 负责附近车辆的通信，类似于车联网中的簇头。本研究利用 RSU 来管理块，基站负责管理名为 intra_clusterBC 的 intra-cluster 区块链，后端的云服务器负责整个系统的区块链，名为 inter_clusterBC。最后，RSU、基站和云服务器协同构建多层区块链框架，提高区块链的操作安全性和效率。总的来说，为了保护区块链交易数据的安全，我们提出了一种新的交易块结构，并采用椭圆曲线密码学签名 ECDSA 来确保 Merkle 树根值不变，并确保交易身份和交易数据的不可抵赖性。最后，本研究考虑了云环境中的信息安全，因此提出了一种基于身份确认方案的秘密共享和安全映射减少架构。所提出的方案具有去中心化的特点，非常适合分布式连接的车辆，也可以提高区块链的执行效率。
