Sulfur dioxide improves the thermotolerance of maize seedlings by regulating salicylic acid biosynthesis.

Heat stress (HS) has become a serious threat to crop growth and yield. Sulfur dioxide (SO) is being verified as a signal molecule in regulating the plant stress response. However, it is unknown whether SO plays a significant role in the plant heat stress response (HSR). Herein, maize seedlings were pretreated with various concentrations of SO and then kept at 45 °C for heat stress treatment, aiming to study the effect of SO pretreatment on HSR in maize by phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical analyses. It was found that SO pretreatment greatly improved the thermotolerance of maize seedlings. The SO-pretreated seedlings showed 30-40% lower ROS accumulation and membrane peroxidation, but 55-110% higher activities of antioxidant enzymes than the distilled water-pretreated seedlings under heat stress. Interestingly, endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels were increased by ∼85% in SO-pretreated seedlings, as revealed by phytohormone analyses. Furthermore, the SA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol markedly reduced SA levels and attenuated SO-triggered thermotolerance of maize seedlings. Meanwhile, transcripts of several SA biosynthesis and signaling, and heat stress-responsive genes in SO-pretreated seedlings were significantly elevated under HS. These data have demonstrated that SO pretreatment increased endogenous SA levels, which activated the antioxidant machinery and strengthened the stress defense system, thereby improving the thermotolerance of maize seedlings under HS. Our current study provides a new strategy for mitigating heat stress damage for safe crop production.