Lindsay F E, Clayton H M
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Scotland.
J Anat. 1986 Feb;144:123-32.
Using histological techniques, anatomical dissection, fibre optic endoscopy and radiography, the nasopharynx and larynx of the donkey were examined and described. Compared with horses, donkeys have a much deeper pharyngeal recess extending 4.0-6.0 cm caudally from a constricted orifice, through which it communicates with the nasopharynx. Movements of the membranous lining of the recess reflect pressure changes in the upper airways. A shallow, thumb shaped depression on the rostral face of each vocal fold corresponds in position to the lateral ventricle in the horse. In the donkey, large paired laryngeal saccules, interposed between the thyroarytenoideus muscle and the thyroid cartilage, open into the laryngeal cavity through small circular orifices near the rostroventral extremity of the vestibular folds. The large thyroarytenoideus muscle is subdivided into vestibular and vocal parts, which are thought to control the expression of secretion from the laryngeal saccules. The unusual characteristics of vocalisation in the donkey may be related to the shape and orientation of the resonance chambers of the upper airways. In comparison with the horse, the asinine nasopharynx is markedly constricted in its middle part and the laryngeal airway has a more acute angulation relative to the nasopharynx. Vocalisation in the donkey was observed to have an inspiratory and an expiratory component.
运用组织学技术、解剖学 dissections、纤维光学内窥镜检查和放射成像技术，对驴的鼻咽部和喉部进行了检查和描述。与马相比，驴的咽隐窝更深，从一个狭窄的开口向尾端延伸 4.0 - 6.0 厘米，通过该隐窝与鼻咽部相通。隐窝黏膜衬里的运动反映了上呼吸道的压力变化。每个声带的吻侧面有一个浅的拇指形凹陷，其位置与马的侧脑室相对应。在驴中，大的成对喉囊位于甲状杓肌和甲状软骨之间，通过靠近前庭襞吻腹端的小圆形开口通向喉腔。大的甲状杓肌分为前庭部和声带部，据认为这两部分控制着喉囊分泌物的排出。驴发声的异常特征可能与上呼吸道共鸣腔的形状和方向有关。与马相比，驴的鼻咽部中部明显狭窄，喉气道相对于鼻咽部有更尖锐的角度。观察到驴的发声有吸气和呼气成分。
