Grupo de Investigación en Toxicología Alimentaria Y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Las Palmas, Servicio Canario de Salud, 35004, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023 Dec;201(12):5861-5870. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03643-x. Epub 2023 Mar 21.
Cereals and cereal-based foods continue to be basic foods in all diets. Despite being known for their high nutritional value; they can also contain contaminants (hazards) such as toxic metals. This study assesses the Cd, Pb and Hg dietary exposure from cereals and derivatives marketed in Madeira and the Azores and characterizes the risks by evaluating the Cd and Hg intake contributions to the tolerable intakes and by estimating the Margin of Exposure (MOE) in the case of Pb. In Madeira, metals follow the descending order of Cd > Pb > Hg. Cd stands out as having the highest levels (0.307 mg Cd/kg in oats; 0.237 mg/kg in rye). High levels of Pb (0.347 mg/kg) were also detected in rye. Regarding total mercury, rice stands out (0.0013 mg/kg) followed by wheat (0.001 mg/kg). While all cereals and derivatives except maize consumed in Madeira exceed the maximum value of Cd allowed by the EU, 50.0% of the rye and 25.0% of the corn flour samples exceeded the European Pb limit. The daily consumption of 100 g of oats, rye flour and rye represent high contributions to the TWI of Cd (93.2 - 120%). The MOE values of Pb from the consumption of rye (100 g/day) are 1,294 (nephrotoxic effects) and 3,082 (cardiotoxic effects). In the Azores, corn flour (0.72 mg Pb/kg) stands out with 85.7% of the samples exceeding the maximum Pb EU limit and MOE values of 626 (nephrotoxic effects) and 1,490 (cardiotoxic effects). Regular daily consumption of corn flour makes a low (< 10%) contribution to the Cd TDI. In conclusion, the Pb exposure from the consumption of cereals and derivatives could have toxic effects such as nephrotoxicity or cardiotoxicity in adults. The results highlight the need to set up monitoring and surveillance programs for the safety of cereals and their derivatives in Madeira and the Azores in terms of lead and cadmium.
谷物及其制品仍然是所有饮食中的基本食物。尽管它们以高营养价值而闻名，但它们也可能含有污染物（危害物），如有毒金属。本研究评估了马德拉和亚速尔群岛市场上销售的谷物及其衍生品中的 Cd、Pb 和 Hg 的膳食暴露情况，并通过评估 Cd 和 Hg 摄入量对可耐受摄入量的贡献以及在 Pb 的情况下估计暴露边际（MOE）来评估风险。在马德拉，金属的顺序为 Cd> Pb> Hg。Cd 的含量最高（燕麦中为 0.307mg Cd/kg；黑麦中为 0.237mg/kg）。黑麦中还检测到高浓度的 Pb（0.347mg/kg）。就总汞而言，大米尤为突出（0.0013mg/kg），其次是小麦（0.001mg/kg）。虽然马德拉消费的所有谷物及其制品均超过了欧盟允许的 Cd 最高值，但 50.0%的黑麦和 25.0%的玉米粉样品超过了欧洲 Pb 限量。每天食用 100g 燕麦、黑麦粉和黑麦，对 Cd 的 TWI 贡献很大（93.2-120%）。黑麦食用的 Pb 的 MOE 值为 1294（肾毒性作用）和 3082（心脏毒性作用）。在亚速尔群岛，玉米粉（0.72mg Pb/kg）的含量最高，85.7%的样品超过了欧盟 Pb 的最高限量，MOE 值为 626（肾毒性作用）和 1490（心脏毒性作用）。成年人日常食用玉米粉对 Cd TDI 的贡献很低（<10%）。总之，食用谷物及其制品可能会导致 Pb 暴露，从而对成年人产生肾毒性或心脏毒性等毒性作用。这些结果强调了有必要在马德拉和亚速尔群岛建立监测和监测计划，以确保谷物及其制品的安全性，特别是针对铅和镉。
