ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Near Kanshiram Smarak, Uttar Pradesh, Jail Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, India.
Environmental Science Division, Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226007, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Mar 22;195(4):495. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11092-1.
Fluoride (F) in agricultural soil is increasing continuously due to injudicious application of F-laden fertilizers, causing global concern about fluorosis disease. The objective of the study was to assess F risk in humans due to soil ingestion, dermal contact, and particulate inhalation during various agricultural activities. The study also emphasized chemical fractionation, distribution, and geochemical understanding of high F incidence. Agricultural surface soil was sampled randomly from 5 km × 5 km square grids besides soil profile samples for studying the vertical distribution of F. Various F fractions in soil (1:1 soil:water ratio, calcium chloride extractable F, hot water soluble F, exchangeable F, Fe-Mn oxide bound F, organic matter bound F, residual F, and total F) were estimated using the sequential fractionation method. Multivariate geochemical analysis and soil F risk were also assessed in humans. The water soluble F (F) and CaCl extractable F (F) varied between 0.11 to 6.73 mg kg and 1.02 to 6.94 mg F kg soil, respectively. Total fluoride (TF) however, ranged between 115 to 456 mg F kg. A higher average of F/TF moving down the soil profile indicated a propensity for F endemicity. Weathering, ion-exchange, alkalinity, and clay were found to control the soil geochemistry of the area. The F contamination index explained > 82% variance of F contamination, but the hazard quotient of F for an adult was found < 1, indicating no potential fluorosis risk in the area. This study is the first of its kind in India, where ecological risk due to F from agricultural soil was assessed in humans and will be a benchmark for future researchers.
由于不合理地使用含氟肥料，农业土壤中的氟（F）不断增加，引起了全球对氟中毒疾病的关注。本研究的目的是评估人类在各种农业活动中因摄入土壤、皮肤接触和吸入颗粒物而导致的氟风险。该研究还强调了高氟发生率的化学分馏、分布和地球化学理解。除了土壤剖面样品外，还从 5km×5km 的正方形网格中随机采集农业地表土壤，以研究氟的垂直分布。使用连续提取法估算了土壤中各种氟化物（土壤与水 1:1 比，氯化钙可提取氟，热水可溶氟，可交换氟，铁锰氧化物结合氟，有机质结合氟，残留氟和总氟）。还评估了多元地球化学分析和人类土壤氟风险。水溶性氟（F）和氯化钙可提取氟（F）分别在 0.11 至 6.73mg kg 和 1.02 至 6.94mg F kg 土壤之间变化。总氟化物（TF）的范围为 115 至 456mg F kg。F/TF 沿土壤剖面向下的平均值较高，表明氟的地方性倾向较高。风化、离子交换、碱度和粘土被发现控制了该地区的土壤地球化学。氟污染指数解释了 F 污染方差的>82%，但成年人的氟危害商数发现<1，表明该地区没有潜在的氟中毒风险。这是印度首例此类研究，评估了农业土壤中氟对人类的生态风险，将成为未来研究人员的基准。
