Mu Hongyu, Yang Xiaomei, Wang Kai, Tang Darrell, Xu Wen, Liu Xuejun, Ritsema Coen J, Geissen Violette
Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China.
Chemosphere. 2023 Jun;326:138428. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138428. Epub 2023 Mar 21.
Pesticide residues in soils can cause negative impacts on soil health as well as soil biota. However, research related to the toxicity and exposure risks of pesticides to soil biota are scarce, especially in the North China Plain (NCP) where pesticides are intensively applied. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 15 commonly used pesticides in 41 fields in Quzhou county in the NCP were determined during the growing season in 2020. The ecological risks of pesticides to the soil biota, including earthworms, enchytraeids, springtails, mites and nitrogen mineralization microorganisms, were assessed using toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) and risk quotient (RQ) methods. Based on pesticide detection rates and RQs, pesticide hazards were ranked using the Hasse diagram. The results showed that pesticides were concentrated in the 0-2 cm soil depth. Chlorantraniliprole was the most frequently detected pesticide with a detection rate of 37%, while the highest concentration of 1.85 mg kg was found for carbendazim in apple orchards. Chlorpyrifos, carbendazim and imidacloprid posed a chronic exposure risk to E. fetida, F. candida and E. crypticus with the TERs exceeding the trigger value. Pesticide mixtures posed ecological risks to soil biota in 70% of the investigated sites. 47.5% of samples were ranked as high-risk, with the maximum RQ exceeding 490. According to the Hasse diagram, abamectin, tebuconazole, chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos were ranked as the most hazardous pesticides for soil biota in the study region, indicating that alternative methods of pest management need to be considered. Therefore, practical risk mitigation solutions are recommended, in which the use of hazardous pesticides would be replaced with low-risk pesticides with similar functions from the Hasse diagram, or with biopesticides.
土壤中的农药残留会对土壤健康以及土壤生物群造成负面影响。然而，关于农药对土壤生物群的毒性和暴露风险的研究却很匮乏，尤其是在农药大量使用的华北平原。本研究于2020年生长季测定了华北平原曲周县41个农田中15种常用农药的发生情况和分布。采用毒性暴露比（TERs）和风险商（RQ）方法评估了农药对包括蚯蚓、线蚓、跳虫、螨类和氮矿化微生物在内的土壤生物群的生态风险。基于农药检出率和风险商，利用哈斯图对农药危害进行了排序。结果表明，农药集中在0-2厘米的土壤深度。氯虫苯甲酰胺是检出频率最高的农药，检出率为37%，而苹果园中多菌灵的最高浓度为1.85毫克/千克。毒死蜱、多菌灵和吡虫啉对赤子爱胜蚓、白色异唇蚓和隐尾跳虫构成慢性暴露风险，TERs超过触发值。70%的调查地点中，农药混合物对土壤生物群构成生态风险。47.5%的样品被列为高风险，最大风险商超过490。根据哈斯图，阿维菌素、戊唑醇、氯虫苯甲酰胺和毒死蜱被列为研究区域对土壤生物群危害最大的农药，这表明需要考虑替代的害虫管理方法。因此，建议采取切实可行的风险缓解解决方案，即用哈斯图中具有类似功能的低风险农药或生物农药替代有害农药的使用。
