Hendrickson Cheryl, Long Lawrence C, van Rensburg Craig, Claassen Cassidy W, Njelesani Mwansa, Moyo Crispin, Mulenga Lloyd, O'Bra Heidi, Russell Colin A, Nichols Brooke E
Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022 Nov 2;2(11):e0001246. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001246. eCollection 2022.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention option, but cost-effectiveness is sensitive to implementation and program costs. Studies indicate that, in addition to direct delivery cost, PrEP provision requires substantial demand creation and client support to encourage PrEP initiation and persistence. We estimated the cost of providing PrEP in Zambia through different PrEP delivery models. Taking a guidelines-based approach for visits, labs and drugs, we estimated the annual cost of providing PrEP per client for five delivery models: one focused on key populations (men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW), one on adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), and three integrated programs (operated within HIV counselling and testing services at primary healthcare centres). Program start-up and support costs were based on program expenditure data and number of PrEP sites and clients in 2018. PrEP clinic visit costs were based on micro-costing at two PrEP delivery sites (2018 USD). Costs are presented in 2018 prices and inflated to 2021 prices. The annual cost/PrEP client varied by service delivery model, from $394 (AGYW) to $655 (integrated model). Cost differences were driven largely by client volume, which impacted the relative costs of program support and technical assistance assigned to each PrEP client. Direct service delivery costs ranged narrowly from $205-212/PrEP-client and were a key component in the cost of PrEP, representing 35-65% of total costs. The results show that, even when integrated into full service delivery models, accessing vulnerable, marginalised populations at substantial risk of HIV infection is likely to cost more than previously estimated due to the programmatic costs involved in community sensitization and client support. Improved data on individual client resource usage and outcomes is required to get a better understanding of the true resource utilization, expected outcomes and annual costs of different PrEP service delivery programs in Zambia.
暴露前预防(PrEP)是一种有效的艾滋病毒预防选择,但成本效益对实施和项目成本较为敏感。研究表明,除了直接交付成本外,提供PrEP还需要大量的需求创造和客户支持,以鼓励开始并持续使用PrEP。我们估计了通过不同的PrEP交付模式在赞比亚提供PrEP的成本。采用基于指南的就诊、实验室和药物方法,我们估计了五种交付模式下每位客户每年提供PrEP的成本:一种侧重于关键人群(男男性行为者(MSM)和女性性工作者(FSW)),一种针对少女和年轻女性(AGYW),以及三个综合项目(在初级保健中心的艾滋病毒咨询和检测服务中开展)。项目启动和支持成本基于2018年的项目支出数据以及PrEP站点和客户数量。PrEP诊所就诊成本基于两个PrEP交付站点的微观成本核算(2018年美元)。成本以2018年价格呈现,并按2021年价格进行了通胀调整。每位PrEP客户的年度成本因服务交付模式而异,从394美元(AGYW模式)到655美元(综合模式)。成本差异主要由客户数量驱动,这影响了分配给每位PrEP客户的项目支持和技术援助的相对成本。直接服务交付成本范围较窄,为每位PrEP客户205 - 212美元,是PrEP成本的关键组成部分,占总成本的35 - 65%。结果表明,即使纳入全面服务交付模式,由于社区宣传和客户支持所涉及的项目成本,接触艾滋病毒感染风险极高的脆弱、边缘化人群的成本可能比先前估计的更高。需要改进关于个体客户资源使用和结果的数据,以便更好地了解赞比亚不同PrEP服务交付项目的实际资源利用、预期结果和年度成本。