NaHCO activated sludge-derived biochar by KMnO modification for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions.

The surface flat pristine biochar provides limited adsorption sites for Cd(II) adsorption. To address this issue, a novel sludge-derived biochar (MNBC) was prepared by NaHCO activation and KMnO modification. The batch adsorption experiments illustrated that the maximum adsorption capacity of MNBC was twice that of pristine biochar and reached equilibrium more quickly. The pseudo-second order and Langmuir model were more suitable for analyzing the Cd(II) adsorption process on MNBC. Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl and NO had no effect on the Cd(II) removal. Cu and Pb inhibited the Cd(II) removal, while PO and humic acid (HA) promoted it. After 5 repeated experiments, the Cd(II) removal efficiency on MNBC was 90.24%. The Cd(II) removal efficiency of MNBC in different actual water bodies was over 98%. Furthermore, MNBC owned excellent Cd(II) adsorption performance in fixed bed experiments, and the effective treatment capacity was 450 BV. The co-precipitation, complexation, ion exchange and Cd(II)-π interaction were involved in Cd(II) removal mechanism. XPS analysis showed that NaHCO activation and KMnO modification enhanced the complexation ability of MNBC to Cd(II). The results suggested that MNBC can be used as an effective adsorbent for treating of Cd-contaminated wastewater.