Khan Mohammad Riaz, Azam Sadiq, Ahmad Sajjad, Ali Qaisar, Liaqat Zainab, Rehman Noor, Khan Ibrar, Alharbi Metab, Alshammari Abdulrahman
Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, WV 24061, USA.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Mar 20;12(3):617. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12030617.
Septicemia is a systematic inflammatory response and can be a consequence of abdominal, urinary tract and lung infections. Keeping in view the importance of Gram-negative bacteria as one of the leading causes of septicemia, the current study was designed with the aim to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the molecular basis for antibiotic resistance and the mutations in selected genes of bacterial isolates. In this study, clinical samples (n = 3389) were collected from potentially infected male (n = 1898) and female (n = 1491) patients. A total of 443 (13.07%) patients were found to be positive for bacterial growth, of whom 181 (40.8%) were Gram-positive and 262 (59.1%) were Gram-negative. The infected patients included 238 males, who made up 12.5% of the total number tested, and 205 females, who made up 13.7%. The identification of bacterial isolates revealed that 184 patients (41.5%) were infected with and 78 (17.6%) with . The clinical isolates were identified using Gram staining biochemical tests and were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with specific primers for (USP) and (oprL). Most of the isolates were resistant to aztreonam (ATM), cefotaxime (CTX), ampicillin (AMP) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and were sensitive to tigecycline (TGC), meropenem (MEM) and imipenem (IPM), as revealed by high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Among the antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 126 (28.4%) samples were positive for ESBL, 105 (23.7%) for AmpC β-lactamases and 45 (10.1%) for MBL. The sequencing and mutational analysis of antibiotic resistance genes revealed mutations in TEM, SHV and AAC genes. We conclude that antibiotic resistance is increasing; this requires the attention of health authorities and clinicians for proper management of the disease burden.
败血症是一种全身性炎症反应，可能是腹部、泌尿道和肺部感染的结果。鉴于革兰氏阴性菌作为败血症的主要病因之一的重要性，本研究旨在确定细菌分离株的抗生素敏感性模式、抗生素耐药性的分子基础以及所选基因的突变情况。在本研究中，从可能感染的男性（n = 1898）和女性（n = 1491）患者中收集了临床样本（n = 3389）。共发现443例（13.07%）患者细菌生长呈阳性，其中181例（40.8%）为革兰氏阳性菌，262例（59.1%）为革兰氏阴性菌。感染患者包括238名男性，占总检测人数的12.5%，以及205名女性，占13.7%。细菌分离株的鉴定显示，184例患者（41.5%）感染了 ，78例（17.6%）感染了 。临床分离株通过革兰氏染色生化试验进行鉴定，并使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行确认，使用针对 （USP）和 （oprL）的特异性引物。高最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值显示，大多数分离株对氨曲南（ATM）、头孢噻肟（CTX）、氨苄西林（AMP）和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑（SXT）耐药，对替加环素（TGC）、美罗培南（MEM）和亚胺培南（IPM）敏感。在耐药细菌中，126例（28.4%）样本ESBL呈阳性，105例（23.7%）AmpC β-内酰胺酶呈阳性，45例（10.1%）MBL呈阳性。抗生素耐药基因的测序和突变分析揭示了TEM、SHV和AAC基因的突变。我们得出结论，抗生素耐药性正在增加；这需要卫生当局和临床医生予以关注，以便对疾病负担进行妥善管理。
