Assessment of the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of along Coastal Areas in Thailand.

Unique and biodiverse, mangrove ecosystems provide humans with benefits and contribute to coastal protection. , a member of the Rhizophoraceae family, is prevalent in the mangrove forests of Thailand. 's population structure and genetic diversity have received scant attention. Here, we sequenced the entire genome of using 10× Genomics technology and obtained an assembly size of 219 Mb with the N50 length of 542,540 bases. Using 2857 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, this study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 80 accessions obtained from the mangrove forests in Thailand. The genetic diversity of was moderate (I = 0.573, Ho = 0.619, He = 0.391). Two subpopulations were observed and confirmed from both population structure and principal component analysis (PCA). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that there was more variation within populations than between them. Mean pairwise genetic differentiation ( = 0.09) showed that there was not much genetic difference between populations. Intriguingly, the predominant clustering pattern in the population did not correspond to the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, which are separated by the Malay Peninsula. Several factors could have influenced the genetic pattern, such as hybridization and anthropogenic factors. This research will provide important information for the future conservation and management of in Thailand.