Wang Yao-Chin, Kung Woon-Man, Chung Yi-Hsiu, Kumar Sunil
Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Department of Emergency, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
Curr Med Chem. 2024;31(14):1818-1829. doi: 10.2174/0929867330666230403125140.
Neuroinflammation is associated with disorders of the nervous system, and it is induced in response to many factors, including pathogen infection, brain injury, toxic substances, and autoimmune diseases. Astrocytes and microglia have critical roles in neuroinflammation. Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which are activated in reaction to neuroinflammation-inducing factors. Astrocytes can have pro- or anti-inflammatory responses, which depend on the type of stimuli presented by the inflamed milieu. Microglia respond and propagate peripheral inflammatory signals within the CNS that cause low-grade inflammation in the brain. The resulting alteration in neuronal activities leads to physiological and behavioral impairment. Consequently, activation, synthesis, and discharge of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors occur. These events lead to many neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis discussed in this study. After understanding neuroinflammation mechanisms and the involvement of neurotransmitters, this study covers various drugs used to treat and manage these neurodegenerative illnesses. The study can be helpful in discovering new drug molecules for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
神经炎症与神经系统疾病相关，它是由许多因素诱发的，包括病原体感染、脑损伤、有毒物质和自身免疫性疾病。星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞在神经炎症中起关键作用。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的固有免疫细胞，其会因神经炎症诱导因子而被激活。星形胶质细胞可产生促炎或抗炎反应，这取决于炎症环境所呈现的刺激类型。小胶质细胞对中枢神经系统内的外周炎症信号作出反应并进行传播，从而导致大脑发生低度炎症。由此产生的神经元活动改变会导致生理和行为障碍。因此，会发生各种促炎细胞因子和生长因子的激活、合成与释放。这些事件会导致许多神经退行性疾病，如本研究中所讨论的阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和多发性硬化症。在了解神经炎症机制和神经递质的参与情况后，本研究涵盖了用于治疗和管理这些神经退行性疾病的各种药物。该研究有助于发现治疗神经退行性疾病的新药物分子。
