Nichols S L, Newman J P
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Mar;50(3):624-30. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.3.624.
Previous findings indicate that in comparison to introverts, extraverts are prone to form responses that are resistant to interruption by punishment. Because the tendency to stop and reflect following punishment may be crucial for subsequent learning, the present study was designed to examine differences between introverts' and extraverts' reactions to punishment using response latency on the trial following punishment as the dependent variable. Sixty-six extraverted and 66 introverted male undergraduates performed a pattern-matching task in which they received noncontingent 50% success and 50% failure feedback under three incentive conditions including reward only, punishment only, or both. As predicted, a significant interaction was found in the both condition, reflecting the tendency of extraverts to respond more quickly and introverts more slowly following punishment feedback than following reward feedback. No significant effects were found in the other two conditions; however, a tendency was noted for extraverts to respond more quickly overall when only reward was given. A second experiment using reward-only and punishment-only feedback replicated this finding and yielded a significant interaction of Group X Condition. The results indicate that in contrast to introverts, extraverts are activated by the availability of reward and, paradoxically, that punishment may facilitate rather than interrupt extraverts' reward seeking behavior.
先前的研究结果表明，与内向者相比，外向者更容易形成对惩罚干扰具有抵抗力的反应。由于受罚后停下来反思的倾向可能对后续学习至关重要，因此本研究旨在以受罚后试验中的反应潜伏期作为因变量，检验内向者和外向者对惩罚反应的差异。66名外向型和66名内向型男性本科生完成了一项模式匹配任务，在三种激励条件下，他们得到了非偶然性的50%成功和50%失败反馈，这三种条件分别是仅奖励、仅惩罚或两者皆有。正如所预测的，在两者皆有的条件下发现了显著的交互作用，这反映出与奖励反馈相比，外向者在惩罚反馈后反应更快，而内向者则更慢。在其他两种条件下未发现显著影响；然而，当仅给予奖励时，外向者总体上有反应更快的倾向。使用仅奖励和仅惩罚反馈的第二个实验重复了这一发现，并产生了显著的组×条件交互作用。结果表明，与内向者相比，外向者会因奖励的存在而被激活，而且自相矛盾的是，惩罚可能会促进而非干扰外向者的奖励寻求行为。
