Milczarek Małgorzata, Czarkowski Mirosław P, Sadkowska-Todys Małgorzata
National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance.
Przegl Epidemiol. 2022;76(4):574-590. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.53.
The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland in 2020 compared with previous years.
The epidemiological situation was assessed on the basis of data provided to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance of the NIPH NIH-NRI by sanitary-epidemiological stations through the EpiBaza System and the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks System (ROE), as well as on the basis of data published in the annual bulletin "Infectious Diseases and Poisoning in Poland in 2020" (NIPH NIH-NRI, GIS, Warsaw, 2021) and from information received from laboratories of sanitary-epidemiological stations and data from the Demographic Research Department of the Statistics Poland.
In Poland in 2020, in the sanitary-epidemiological surveillance registered a total of 5,470 cases of salmonellosis, 5,302 cases of intestinal salmonellosis, and the remaining 168 cases of extra-intestinal salmonellosis. The incidence per 100,000 population was 14.3 for total salmonellosis, 13.8 for intestinal salmonellosis and 0.44 for extra-intestinal salmonellosis. Sanitary-epidemiological stations registered 5,349 confirmed cases and 121 probable cases of salmonellosis. Due to intestinal salmonellosis, 63.9% of all patients were hospitalized, while for extra-intestinal salmonellosis 153 patients or 91.1% of cases, were hospitalized. The increase in the number of salmonellosis cases in 2020 started in June, while the peak of the incidence was in August. Among the voivodeships, the highest incidence of salmonellosis was registered in the Podkarpackie voivodeship 33.3/100,000 population, the lowest in Zachodniopomorskie 6.1/100,000 population. Cases in the 0-4 age group accounted for 45.2% of all salmonellosis cases in 2020. Among extra-intestinal salmonellosis, 63.1% were people aged 60+. Sanitary-epidemiological stations registered 131 food poisoning outbreaks caused by Salmonella bacilli in the ROE system, 108 of these outbreaks were caused by the Enteritidis serotype. In 2020, the most common serotypes were S. Enteritidis 70% of all recorded salmonellosis, S. Typhimurium 1.9%, and S. Infantis 0.54%. There were 9 deaths due to Salmonella infection.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated restrictions introduced in the country, as well as increased hygiene through more frequent washing and disinfection of hands, could have contributed to a reduction of almost 69% in the number of salmonellosis cases registered in 2020, in Poland, compared to 2019. This is a 82% decrease in relation to 2018. There was also a decrease in the number of food poisoning outbreaks caused by Salmonella bacilli, while at the same time their percentage in the total number of outbreaks increased. On the one hand, the implemented restrictions could have had an impact on the decrease in the number of cases and outbreaks, on the other hand, worse access to medical care and diagnostics, most likely deepened the underestimation of these cases in the country observed for years, and distorted the real picture of the situation.
本研究旨在评估2020年波兰沙门氏菌病的流行病学情况，并与前几年进行比较。
根据卫生流行病学站通过EpiBaza系统和疫情爆发登记系统（ROE）提供给国家公共卫生研究所-国家卫生研究院传染病流行病学和监测部的数据，以及基于年度公报《2020年波兰的传染病和中毒情况》（国家公共卫生研究所-国家卫生研究院，地理信息系统，华沙，2021年）中公布的数据，以及从卫生流行病学站实验室收到的信息和波兰统计局人口研究部的数据，对流行病学情况进行评估。
2020年在波兰，卫生流行病学监测共登记了5470例沙门氏菌病病例，其中5302例为肠道沙门氏菌病，其余168例为肠外沙门氏菌病。每10万人口中沙门氏菌病的发病率为14.3，肠道沙门氏菌病为13.8，肠外沙门氏菌病为0.44。卫生流行病学站登记了5349例确诊病例和121例可能病例。由于肠道沙门氏菌病，所有患者中有63.9%住院，而对于肠外沙门氏菌病，有153名患者或91.1%的病例住院。2020年沙门氏菌病病例数的增加始于6月，发病率高峰在8月。在各省份中，沙门氏菌病发病率最高的是喀尔巴阡省，为33.3/10万人口，最低的是西滨海省，为6.1/10万人口。0-4岁年龄组的病例占2020年所有沙门氏菌病病例的45.2%。在肠外沙门氏菌病中，63.1%为60岁以上人群。卫生流行病学站在ROE系统中登记了131起由沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒爆发事件，其中108起爆发是由肠炎血清型引起的。2020年，最常见的血清型是肠炎沙门氏菌，占所有记录的沙门氏菌病的70%，鼠伤寒沙门氏菌占1.9%，婴儿沙门氏菌占0.54%。有9人死于沙门氏菌感染。
2020年在波兰，与2019年相比，新冠疫情及其在该国实施的相关限制措施，以及通过更频繁洗手和消毒带来的卫生改善，可能导致登记的沙门氏菌病病例数减少了近69%。与2018年相比，这一降幅为82%。由沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒爆发事件数量也有所减少，同时其在爆发事件总数中的百分比有所增加。一方面，实施的限制措施可能对病例数和爆发事件的减少产生了影响，另一方面，获得医疗护理和诊断的机会变差，很可能加剧了多年来该国对这些病例的低估，并扭曲了实际情况。
