Central Queensland University, G.07 Building 8, University Drive, Bundaberg, QLD, 4670, Australia.
Central Queensland University, 42-52 Abbott Street & Shields Street, Cairns City, QLD, 4870, Australia.
BMC Womens Health. 2023 Apr 6;23(1):165. doi: 10.1186/s12905-023-02316-0.
Problem gambling increases the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). People impacted by gambling-related IPV face distinctive challenges, and these may be compounded by intersections with gender, generational influences and contextual factors. This study explored the past experiences of older women affected by male partner violence linked to gambling, and how these were shaped by cohort and period effects and problem gambling. Cohort effects are the generational characteristics of a group born at a particular time, while period effects relate to prevailing external conditions at the time of the abuse, including laws, services and practices.
A larger study exploring the nature of the relationship between problem gambling and IPV recruited 72 women through help services and advertising. The current study analysed a subset of interviews with 22 women aged 50 years or over. We analysed the data using adaptive grounded theory to explore the intersection between IPV, gambling, and cohort and period effects.
Cohort effects on the women's experiences of IPV included gendered attitudes, traditional views of marriage, silence surrounding IPV, reticence to disclose the abuse, and little understanding of problem gambling. These influences deterred women from questioning their partner's gambling, and to instead keep the gambling and abuse hidden. Many women did not recognise abuse linked to gambling as IPV, since gambling was considered a normal, harmless pastime. Having a gambling problem exacerbated violence and coercive control by male partners as traditional gender norms supported male authority over their female partner. Women with a gambling problem sometimes felt they deserved the abuse. Period effects included a lack of IPV and gambling services, gendered service responses, failure to prioritise the women's safety, and no consideration by services of the role of gambling in the abuse.
Reducing gender inequality is critical to reduce male partner violence towards women. Women impacted by gambling-related IPV, including the legacy of past abuse, need service responses that recognise all forms of abuse, understand the historical and contextual factors that exacerbate it, and recognise how gambling can amplify IPV. A reduction in problem gambling is needed to reduce gambling-related IPV.
赌博问题会增加遭受亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）的风险。受赌博相关 IPV 影响的人面临着独特的挑战，这些挑战可能因性别、代际影响和背景因素的交叉而加剧。本研究探讨了受男性伴侣赌博相关暴力影响的老年女性过去的经历，以及这些经历如何受到同代人和时期效应以及赌博问题的影响。同代人效应是指特定时期出生的群体的代际特征，而时期效应则与虐待发生时的普遍外部条件有关，包括法律、服务和做法。
一项通过帮助服务和广告招募了 72 名女性的大型研究，探讨了赌博与 IPV 之间关系的本质。本研究对 22 名年龄在 50 岁及以上的女性的部分访谈进行了分析。我们使用自适应扎根理论分析数据，以探索 IPV、赌博以及同代人和时期效应之间的交叉。
同代人效应对女性遭受 IPV 的经历的影响包括性别态度、对婚姻的传统看法、对 IPV 的沉默、对揭发虐待的犹豫，以及对赌博问题的理解甚少。这些影响阻止了女性对伴侣的赌博行为提出质疑，反而将赌博和虐待行为隐瞒起来。许多女性并没有将与赌博相关的虐待视为 IPV，因为赌博被认为是一种正常、无害的消遣。男性伴侣的赌博问题加剧了暴力和强制性控制，因为传统的性别规范支持男性对女性伴侣的权威。有赌博问题的女性有时觉得自己应该受到虐待。时期效应包括缺乏 IPV 和赌博服务、性别化的服务反应、未能优先考虑女性的安全，以及服务部门没有考虑赌博在虐待中的作用。
减少性别不平等对于减少男性对女性的伴侣暴力至关重要。受赌博相关 IPV 影响的女性，包括过去虐待的遗留问题，需要得到服务的回应，这些回应要认识到所有形式的虐待，理解加剧虐待的历史和背景因素，并认识到赌博如何放大 IPV。需要减少赌博问题，以减少与赌博相关的 IPV。
