Cardiovascular Risk in Transgender People With Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment.

Gender-affirming hormone treatment generally by cross-sex hormones is an important strategy for transgender people to achieve the physical features affirming their experienced gender. Estrogens and androgens are administrated, usually for a long time, to transgender women and transgender men who would like to physically achieve feminization and masculinization, respectively. Several harmful adverse events have been reported in the literature following the administration of gender-affirming hormones, including worsening of lipid profiles and cardiovascular events (CVE) such as venous thromboembolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction, but it remains unknown whether the administration of cross-sex hormones to transgender people increases the subsequent risk of CVE and death. Based on the findings of the present narrative review of the recent literature, including meta-analyses and relatively large-scale cohort studies, it is likely that estrogen administration increases the risk of CVE in transgender women, but it remains inconclusive as to whether androgen administration increases the risk of CVE in transgender men. Thus, definitive evidence guaranteeing the long-term safety of cross-sex hormone treatment on the cardiovascular system is insufficient because of lack of evidence from well-organized, high-quality, and large-scale studies. In this situation, as well as considering the proper use of cross-sex hormones, pretreatment screening, regular medical monitoring, and appropriate intervention for risk factors of CVE are necessary to maintain and improve the health of transgender people.