Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Res. 2023 Jul 1;228:115887. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115887. Epub 2023 Apr 11.
Coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to terrestrial inputs from human-impacted areas. The prevalence of wastewater treatment plants, unable to remove contaminants such as pharmaceuticals (PhACs), leads to their continuous input into the marine environment. In this paper, the seasonal occurrence of PhACs in a semi-confined coastal lagoon (the Mar Menor, south-eastern Spain) was studied during 2018 and 2019 by evaluating their presence in seawater and sediments, and their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Temporal variation in the contamination levels was evaluated by comparison to a previous study carried out between 2010 and 2011 before the cessation of permanent discharges of treated wastewater into the lagoon. The impact of a flash flood event (September 2019) on PhACs pollution was also assessed. A total of seven compounds (out of 69 PhACs analysed) were found in seawater during 2018-2019, with a limited detection frequency (<33%) and concentrations (up to 11 ng/L of clarithromycin). Only carbamazepine was found in sediments (ND-1.2 ng/g dw), suggesting an improved environmental quality in comparison to 2010-2011 (when 24 and 13 compounds were detected in seawater and sediments, respectively). However, the biomonitoring of fish and molluscs showed a still remarkable accumulation of analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs and β-blocking agents, albeit not higher than in 2010. The flash flood event from 2019 increased the prevalence of PhACs in the lagoon, compared to the 2018-2019 sampling campaigns, especially in the upper water layer. After the flash flood the antibiotics clarithromycin and sulfapyridine yielded the highest concentrations ever reported in the lagoon (297 and 145 ng/L, respectively), alongside azithromycin in 2011 (155 ng/L). Flash flood events associated with sewer overflows and soil mobilisation, which are expected to increase under climate change scenarios, should be considered when assessing the risks posed by pharmaceuticals to vulnerable aquatic ecosystems in the coastal areas.
沿海生态系统特别容易受到人类活动影响地区的陆地输入物的影响。由于污水处理厂无法去除抗生素（PhACs）等污染物，因此它们会持续输入海洋环境。本文研究了 2018 年和 2019 年半封闭沿海泻湖（西班牙东南部的玛梅诺尔湖）中 PhACs 的季节性存在情况，通过评估其在海水中和沉积物中的存在情况以及在水生生物中的生物累积情况来研究其存在情况。通过与 2010 年至 2011 年在泻湖停止永久性处理废水排放之前进行的先前研究进行比较，评估了污染水平的时间变化。还评估了 2019 年 9 月突发洪水事件对 PhACs 污染的影响。在 2018-2019 年期间，在海水中发现了七种化合物（在所分析的 69 种 PhACs 中），检测频率有限（<33%），浓度最高为 11ng/L 的克拉霉素。仅在沉积物中发现卡马西平（ND-1.2ng/g dw），表明与 2010-2011 年相比，环境质量有所改善（当时在海水中和沉积物中分别检测到 24 种和 13 种化合物）。然而，对鱼类和贝类的生物监测显示，尽管镇痛药/抗炎药、脂质调节剂、精神药物和β受体阻滞剂的累积量仍然相当可观，但与 2010 年相比并未增加。与 2018-2019 年的采样活动相比，2019 年的突发洪水事件增加了泻湖中 PhACs 的流行率，尤其是在上层水层。突发洪水后，抗生素克拉霉素和磺胺吡啶的浓度达到了泻湖中从未有过的最高水平（分别为 297 和 145ng/L，而 2011 年为 155ng/L），同时阿奇霉素的浓度也达到了 2011 年的最高水平。与污水溢出和土壤迁移相关的突发洪水事件预计在气候变化情景下会增加，在评估沿海脆弱水生生态系统面临的药物风险时应予以考虑。
