Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Bati Campus, 32260, Cunur, Isparta, Turkey.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Apr 14;195(5):566. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11203-y.
Antibiotics are among the most common medicine groups since they are used to treat infectious diseases, as nutritional supplements in livestock breeding, and for preservation in the food industry. Turkey is among the highest antibiotic consumers in the world. In the present study, the most popular 14 antibiotics available in Turkey were monitored in one hospital sewage and two urban wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents seasonally in Istanbul province, the largest metropolitan center in Turkey. The present research aimed to develop a robust analytical method to determine 14 antibiotics, including six chemical groups, in environmental matrices which are considered significant antibiotic pollution sources, namely hospital sewage and urban wastewater. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and UPLC-MS/MS analysis parameters included optimized column temperature, eluent, mobile phase, and flow rate. Three SPE cartridges were employed in recovery studies. The antibiotic recovery rates varied between 40 and 100%, and all analytes were identified within 3 min with UPLC-MS/MS under optimal conditions. It was determined that method detection limits (MDLs) varied between 0.07 and 2.72 µg/L for the antibiotics. In all seasons, the highest beta-lactam group antibiotic concentrations were identified in hospital sewage. The season with the greatest variety of antibiotics in urban wastewater was spring. Clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin were the antibiotics determined at the highest concentration in the influent and effluent of the wastewater treatment plant in all seasons. This study showed that the most widely used beta-lactam group antibiotics were found in high amounts in hospital sewage wastewater but in low concentrations in the treatment plants, and hence, it is seen that the degradability of beta-lactam group antibiotics was high. The presence of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim antibiotics in hospital sewage in higher amounts and also in inlet and outlet of wastewater treatment plants proves that those are resistant antibiotics.
抗生素是最常用的药物之一，因为它们被用于治疗传染病，作为牲畜养殖的营养补充剂，以及在食品工业中进行防腐。土耳其是世界上抗生素消费最高的国家之一。本研究在伊斯坦布尔省（土耳其最大的大都市中心），对一家医院污水和两个城市污水处理厂进水和出水进行了季节性监测，监测了土耳其市场上最受欢迎的 14 种抗生素。本研究旨在开发一种强大的分析方法，以确定环境基质中的 14 种抗生素，包括 6 个化学基团，这些环境基质被认为是重要的抗生素污染源，即医院污水和城市污水。固相萃取（SPE）和 UPLC-MS/MS 分析参数包括优化的柱温、洗脱液、流动相和流速。在回收研究中使用了三种 SPE 小柱。抗生素回收率在 40%至 100%之间变化，所有分析物在最佳条件下通过 UPLC-MS/MS 在 3 分钟内被识别。结果表明，抗生素的方法检测限（MDL）在 0.07 至 2.72μg/L 之间变化。在所有季节中，β-内酰胺类抗生素的浓度在医院污水中最高。在城市污水中，春季抗生素种类最多。在所有季节中，污水处理厂进水和出水的浓度最高的抗生素是克拉霉素和环丙沙星。本研究表明，β-内酰胺类抗生素在医院污水中大量存在，但在处理厂中的浓度较低，因此可以看出β-内酰胺类抗生素的降解性较高。在医院污水中发现高浓度的克拉霉素、环丙沙星、林可霉素、左氧氟沙星和甲氧苄啶抗生素，以及在污水处理厂的进水和出水口也发现这些抗生素，这证明了它们是耐药抗生素。
