Enhanced nuclear translation is associated with proliferation and progression across multiple cancers.

Recent technological advances have re-invigorated the interest in nuclear translation (NT), but the underlying mechanisms and functional implications of NT remain unknown. Here we show that NT is enhanced in malignant cancer cells and is associated with rapid cell growth. Nuclear ribopuromycylation analyses in a panel of diverse cell lines revealed that NT is scarce in normal immortalized cells, but is ubiquitous and robust in malignant cancer cells. Moreover, NT occurs in the nucleolus and requires normal nucleolar function. Intriguingly, NT is reduced by cellular stresses and anti-tumor agents and positively correlates with cancer cell proliferation and growth. By using a modified puromycin-associated nascent chain proteomics, we further identified numerous oncoproteins that are preferentially translated in the nucleus, such as transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFB2) and nucleophosmin 1 (NMP1). Specific overexpression of TGFB2 and NMP1 messenger RNAs in the nucleus can increase their protein levels and promote tumorigenesis. These findings establish a previously unknown link between NT and malignancy and suggest that cancer cells might have adapted a mechanism of NT to support their need for rapid growth, which highlight the potential of NT in tumorigenesis and might also open up new possibilities for therapeutic targeting of cancer-specific cellular functions.