CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research\ARNET - Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal.
CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research\ARNET - Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jul 10;881:163486. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163486. Epub 2023 Apr 15.
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) present a new threat to the marine environment, and it is vital to understand the interactions and possible toxicity of CEC mixtures once they reach the ocean. CECs-such as metal nanoparticles, nanoplastics, and pharmaceuticals-are groups of contaminants some of which have been individually evaluated, though their interactions as mixtures are still not fully understood. To ensure a healthy and prosperous future generation, successful reproduction is key: however, if hindered, population dynamics may be at danger leading to a negative impact on biodiversity. This study aimed to understand the effects of silver (20 nm nAg, 10 μg/L), polystyrene nanoparticles (50 nm nPS, 10 μg/L), and 5-fluorouracil (5FU, 10 ng/L) individually and as a mixture (10 μg/L of nPS + 10 μg/L of nAg +10 ng/L of 5FU) in the gonads of Mytilus galloprovincialis. A multibiomarker approach, namely the antioxidant defence system (ADS; superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione - S - transferases activities), and oxidative damage (OD; lipid peroxidation) were analysed in the gonads of mussels. All exposure treatments after 3 days led to an increase of enzymatic activity, followed by an inhibition after 14 and 21 days. Thus, ADS was overwhelmed due to the generation of ROS, resulting in OD, except for nPS exposed mussels. The OD in Mix exposed mussels increased exponentially by 57-fold. When CEC mixtures interact, they are potentially more hazardous than their individual components, posing a major threat to marine species. To understand synergistic and antagonistic interactions, a model was applied, and antagonistic interactions were observed in evaluated biomarkers at all time-points, apart from a synergistic interaction at day 3 relative to LPO. Results indicate that the effects observed in Mix-exposed mussel gonads are mainly due to the interaction of nAg and 5FU but not nPS.
新兴关注污染物 (CECs) 对海洋环境构成了新的威胁，因此了解这些污染物一旦进入海洋后的相互作用和可能的毒性至关重要。CECs 包括金属纳米粒子、纳米塑料和药物等，其中一些已经进行了单独评估，但它们作为混合物的相互作用仍不完全清楚。为了确保下一代的健康和繁荣，成功繁殖是关键：然而，如果受到阻碍，种群动态可能会受到威胁，从而对生物多样性产生负面影响。本研究旨在了解银 (20nm nAg，10μg/L)、聚苯乙烯纳米粒子 (50nm nPS，10μg/L) 和 5-氟尿嘧啶 (5FU，10ng/L) 单独以及作为混合物 (10μg/L nPS+10μg/L nAg+10ng/L 5FU) 对贻贝性腺的影响。采用多生物标志物方法，即抗氧化防御系统 (ADS；超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性) 和氧化损伤 (OD；脂质过氧化) 分析贻贝性腺。所有暴露处理在第 3 天后都会导致酶活性增加，14 天和 21 天后则会受到抑制。因此，由于 ROS 的产生，ADS 被淹没，导致 OD，暴露于 nPS 的贻贝除外。Mix 暴露贻贝的 OD 呈指数增长，增加了 57 倍。当 CEC 混合物相互作用时，它们可能比其单个成分更危险，对海洋物种构成重大威胁。为了了解协同和拮抗相互作用，应用了一个模型，在所有时间点都观察到评估生物标志物的拮抗相互作用，除了第 3 天相对于 LPO 观察到协同相互作用。结果表明，Mix 暴露贻贝性腺中观察到的影响主要归因于 nAg 和 5FU 的相互作用，而不是 nPS。
