AECOM, Chelmsford, Massachusetts, USA.
AECOM, Manchester, New Hampshire, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2024 Jan;20(1):36-58. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4776. Epub 2023 May 26.
Regulation of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in surface water is a work-in-progress with relatively few criteria promulgated in the United States and internationally. Surface water quality criteria (SWQC) or screening values derived for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by Australia, Canada, the European Union (EU), and four US states (Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), and the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (SFB RWQCB; California) were compared. Across these eight jurisdictions, promulgated numeric criteria for the same compound and receptor span over five orders of magnitude as a result of different approaches and data interpretations. Human health criteria for PFOS range from 0.0047 to 600 ng/L depending on route of exposure (e.g., fish consumption or drinking water) and are lower than most ecological criteria for protection of aquatic and wildlife receptors. Data gaps and uncertainty in chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of PFOS and PFOA, as well as the use of conservative assumptions regarding intake and exposure, have resulted in some criteria falling at or below ambient background concentrations and current analytical detection limits (around 1 ng/L for commercial laboratories). Some jurisdictions (e.g., Australia, Canada) have deemed uncertainty in quantifying water-fish bioaccumulation too great and set fish tissue action levels in lieu of water criteria. Current dynamics associated with the emerging and evolving science of PFAS toxicity, exposure, and environmental fate (i.e., data gaps and uncertainty), as well as the continuous release of scientific updates, pose a challenge to setting regulatory limits. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:36-58. © 2023 AECOM Technical Services, Inc and The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
水中的全氟和多氟化合物（PFAS）的法规制定仍在进行中，在美国和国际上相对较少有标准被颁布。对全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA），澳大利亚、加拿大、欧盟以及美国的四个州（佛罗里达州、密歇根州、明尼苏达州和威斯康星州）和旧金山湾区域水质控制区（SFB RWQCB；加利福尼亚州）制定了地表水质量标准（SWQC）或筛选值。在这八个管辖区中，由于不同的方法和数据解释，针对同一化合物和受体制定的已颁布数值标准跨越了五个数量级。PFOS 的人体健康标准范围为 0.0047 至 600ng/L，具体取决于暴露途径（例如，食用鱼类或饮用水），并且低于保护水生和野生动物受体的大多数生态标准。PFOS 和 PFOA 的慢性毒性和生物累积的资料空白和不确定性，以及在摄入量和暴露方面采用保守假设，导致一些标准处于或低于环境背景浓度和当前分析检测限（对于商业实验室而言约为 1ng/L）。一些管辖区（例如，澳大利亚、加拿大）认为量化水-鱼生物累积的不确定性太大，因此设定了鱼类组织行动水平，而非水质标准。与 PFAS 毒性、暴露和环境归宿的新兴和不断发展的科学相关的当前动态（即资料空白和不确定性），以及科学更新的不断发布，对设定监管限制构成了挑战。2024 年《综合环境评估与管理》20:36-58。©2023 AECOM Technical Services, Inc 和作者。《综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表环境毒理与化学学会（SETAC）出版。
