Department of Biology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
Department of Mathematics, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
PeerJ. 2023 Apr 21;11:e15188. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15188. eCollection 2023.
Climate warming has the potential to influence plant flowering phenology which in turn can have broader ecological consequences. Herbarium collections offer a source of historical plant data that makes possible the ability to document and better understand how warming climate can influence long-term shifts in flowering phenology. We examined the influence of annual, winter, and spring temperatures on the flowering phenology of herbarium specimens for 36 species collected from 1884-2015. We then compared the response to warming between native and non-native, woody and herbaceous, dry and fleshy fruit, and spring vs summer blooming species. Across all species, plants flowered 2.26 days earlier per 1 °C increase in annual average temperatures and 2.93 days earlier per 1 °C increase in spring onset average temperatures. Winter temperatures did not significantly influence flowering phenology. The relationship of temperature and flowering phenology was not significantly different between native and non-native species. Woody species flowered earlier than herbaceous species only in response to increasing annual temperatures. There was no difference in the phenological response between species with dry fruits and those fleshy fruits for any of the temperature periods. Spring blooming species exhibited a significantly greater phenological response to warming yearly average temperatures than summer blooming species. Although herbarium specimens can reveal climate change impacts on phenology, it is also evident that the phenological responses to warming vary greatly among species due to differences in functional traits such as those considered here, as well as other factors.
气候变暖有可能影响植物的开花物候，而这反过来又可能产生更广泛的生态后果。植物标本馆的收藏提供了历史植物数据的来源，这使得我们有可能记录和更好地理解气候变暖如何影响长期的开花物候变化。我们研究了年平均温度、冬季温度和春季温度对 1884 年至 2015 年采集的 36 种植物标本开花物候的影响。然后，我们比较了本地种和非本地种、木本植物和草本植物、干果和肉质果实以及春季和夏季开花物种对变暖的响应。在所有物种中，植物的开花期每年提前 2.26 天，春季开始的平均温度每升高 1°C，开花期提前 2.93 天。冬季温度对开花物候没有显著影响。温度与开花物候的关系在本地种和非本地种之间没有显著差异。木本植物比草本植物更早开花，这只是因为年平均温度的升高。在任何温度期，干果和肉质果实的物种之间的物候响应都没有差异。春季开花的物种对年平均温度变暖的物候响应明显大于夏季开花的物种。虽然植物标本可以揭示气候变化对物候的影响，但也很明显，由于功能特征等方面的差异，以及其他因素，物种对变暖的物候响应差异很大。
