Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany.
EDAG Engineering GmbH, 85053 Ingolstadt, Germany.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Apr 11;23(8):3901. doi: 10.3390/s23083901.
The deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles in the market has created a naturally increasing need for the safe deactivation and recycling of batteries. Various deactivating methods for lithium-ion cells include electrical discharging or deactivation with liquids. Such methods are also useful for cases where the cell tabs are not accessible. In the literature analyses, different deactivation media are used, but none include the use of calcium chloride (CaCl) salt. As compared to other media, the major advantage of this salt is that it can capture the highly reactive and hazardous molecules of Hydrofluoric acid. To analyse the actual performance of this salt in terms of practicability and safety, this experimental research aims to compare it against regular Tap Water and Demineralized Water. This will be accomplished by performing nail penetration tests on deactivated cells and comparing their residual energy against each other. Moreover, these three different media and respective cells are analysed after deactivation, i.e., based on conductivity measurements, cell mass, flame photometry, fluoride content, computer tomography and pH value. It was found that the cells deactivated in the CaCl solution did not show any signs of Fluoride ions, whereas cells deactivated in TW showed the emergence of Fluoride ions in the 10th week of the insertion. However, with the addition of CaCl in TW, the deactivation process > 48 h for TW declines to 0.5-2 h, which could be an optimal solution for real-world situations where deactivating cells at a high pace is essential.
市场上电池供电的电动汽车的部署，对电池的安全停用和回收提出了自然增长的需求。锂离子电池的各种停用方法包括电气放电或用液体进行停用。对于电池极耳无法接触的情况，这些方法也很有用。在文献分析中，使用了不同的停用介质，但没有一种包括氯化钙（CaCl）盐的使用。与其他介质相比，这种盐的主要优点是它可以捕获高反应性和有害的氢氟酸分子。为了分析这种盐在实用性和安全性方面的实际性能，本实验研究旨在将其与普通自来水和去离子水进行比较。这将通过对停用后的电池进行指甲穿透测试并相互比较其剩余能量来实现。此外，对三种不同的介质和相应的电池进行了停用后的分析，即基于电导率测量、电池质量、火焰光度法、氟含量、计算机断层扫描和 pH 值。结果发现，在 CaCl 溶液中停用的电池没有显示出任何氟离子的迹象，而在 TW 中停用的电池在插入的第 10 周显示出氟离子的出现。然而，在 TW 中加入 CaCl 后，TW 的停用过程（>48 小时）下降到 0.5-2 小时，这可能是在需要快速停用电池的实际情况下的最佳解决方案。
