Initiator-free in-situ synthesized polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries.

In-situ preparation of polymer electrolytes (PEs) can enhance electrolyte/electrode interface contact and accommodate the current large-scale production line of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, reactive initiators of in-situ PEs may lead to low capacity, increased impedance and poor cycling performance. Flammable and volatile monomers and plasticizers of in-situ PEs are potential safety risks for the batteries. Herein, we adopt lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB)-initiated in-situ polymerization of solid-state non-volatile monomer 1,3,5-trioxane (TXE) to fabricate PEs (In-situ PTXE). Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (FEMC) with good fire retardance, high flash point, wide electrochemical window and high dielectric constant were introduced as plasticizers to improve ionic conductivity and flame retardant property of In-situ PTXE. Compared with previously reported in-situ PEs, In-situ PTXE exhibits distinct merits, including free of initiators, non-volatile precursors, high ionic conductivity of 3.76 × 10 S cm, high lithium-ion transference number of 0.76, wide electrochemical stability window (ESW) of 6.06 V, excellent electrolyte/electrode interface stability and effectively inhibition of Li dendrite growth on the lithium metal anode. The fabricated LiFePO (LFP)/Li batteries with In-situ PTXE achieve significantly boosted cycle stability (capacity retention rate of 90.4% after 560 cycles) and outstanding rate capability (discharge capacity of 111.7 mAh g at 3C rate).