School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India.
School of chemical engineering and Physical sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India.
Open Biol. 2023 May;13(5):220355. doi: 10.1098/rsob.220355. Epub 2023 May 3.
L. (Family: Papaveraceae) is a species well known for its diverse alkaloids (100 different benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs)). L-tyrosine serves as a precursor of several specific metabolites like BIAs. It has been used as an antitussive and potent analgesic to alleviate mild to extreme pain since ancient times. The extraction of pharmaceutically important alkaloids like morphine and codeine from poppy plant reflects the need for the most suitable and standard methods. Several analytical and extraction techniques have been reported in open literature for morphine, codeine and other important alkaloids which play a vital function in drug development and drug discovery. Many studies suggest that opioids are also responsible for adverse effects or secondary complications like dependence and withdrawal. In recent years, opium consumption and addiction are the most important risk factors. Many evidence-based reviews suggest that opium consumption is directly linked or acts as a risk factor for different cancers. In this review, we highlight significant efforts related to research which have been done over the past 5 decades and the complete information on including its phytochemistry, pharmacological actions, biosynthetic pathways and analytical techniques of opium alkaloid extraction and the link between opium consumption and cancer-related updates.
罂粟（家族：罂粟科）是一种以其多样化的生物碱（100 种不同的苄基异喹啉生物碱（BIAs））而闻名的物种。L-酪氨酸是几种特定代谢物（如 BIAs）的前体。自古以来，它就被用作镇咳药和强效镇痛药，以缓解轻度至重度疼痛。从罂粟植物中提取具有药用价值的生物碱，如吗啡和可待因，反映了对最合适和标准方法的需求。在公开文献中，已有报道称有几种分析和提取技术可用于提取吗啡、可待因和其他在药物开发和药物发现中起重要作用的重要生物碱。许多研究表明，阿片类药物也会导致不良反应或继发性并发症，如依赖和戒断。近年来，鸦片消费和成瘾是最重要的风险因素。许多基于证据的综述表明，鸦片消费与不同癌症之间存在直接联系或作为风险因素。在这篇综述中，我们强调了过去 50 年来与研究相关的重要努力，以及有关鸦片生物碱提取的植物化学、药理学作用、生物合成途径和分析技术以及鸦片消费与癌症相关更新之间的完整信息。
