D'Agostino Ottavia, Castellotti Serena, Del Viva Maria Michela
Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2023 Apr 21;17:1134027. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1134027. eCollection 2023.
Several studies on time estimation showed that the estimation of temporal intervals is related to the amount of attention devoted to time. This is explained by the scalar timing theory, which assumes that attention alters the number of pulses transferred by our internal clock to an accumulator that keeps track of the elapsed time. In a previous study, it was found that time underestimation during cognitive-demanding tasks was more pronounced while walking than while sitting, whereas no clear motor-induced effects emerged without a concurrent cognitive task. What remains unclear then is the motor interference itself on time estimation. Here we aim to clarify how the estimation of time can be influenced by demanding motor mechanisms and how different motor activities interact with concurrent cognitive tasks during time estimation. To this purpose, we manipulated simultaneously the difficulty of the cognitive task (solving arithmetic operations) and the motor task. We used an automated body movement that should require no motor or mental effort, a more difficult movement that requires some motor control, and a highly demanding movement requiring motor coordination and attention. We compared the effects of these three types of walking on time estimation accuracy and uncertainty, arithmetic performance, and reaction times. Our findings confirm that time estimation is affected by the difficulty of the cognitive task whereas we did not find any evidence that time estimation changes with the complexity of our motor task, nor an interaction between walking and the concurrent cognitive tasks. We can conclude that walking, although highly demanding, does not have the same effects as other mental tasks on time estimation.
多项关于时间估计的研究表明,时间间隔的估计与分配给时间的注意力量有关。这可以用标量计时理论来解释,该理论假设注意力会改变我们内部时钟传递给一个记录经过时间的累加器的脉冲数量。在之前的一项研究中,发现认知要求较高的任务期间,行走时的时间低估比坐着时更明显,而在没有同时进行认知任务的情况下,没有出现明显的运动诱导效应。那么,尚不清楚的是运动干扰本身对时间估计的影响。在这里,我们旨在阐明高要求的运动机制如何影响时间估计,以及在时间估计过程中不同的运动活动如何与同时进行的认知任务相互作用。为此,我们同时操纵了认知任务(解决算术运算)和运动任务的难度。我们使用了一种不需要运动或脑力努力的自动身体运动、一种需要一些运动控制的更困难的运动,以及一种需要运动协调和注意力的高要求运动。我们比较了这三种行走类型对时间估计准确性和不确定性、算术表现以及反应时间的影响。我们的研究结果证实,时间估计受认知任务难度的影响,而我们没有发现任何证据表明时间估计会随着运动任务的复杂性而变化,也没有发现行走与同时进行的认知任务之间存在相互作用。我们可以得出结论,行走虽然要求很高,但对时间估计的影响与其他心理任务不同。
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