Tarooneh extract relieves anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive deficits by inhibiting synaptic loss in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress.

In traditional medicine, Tarooneh (a hardcover of the date palm; Phoenix dactylifera) has known as a sedative and relaxant medicine. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of Tarooneh in the anxiety-like behavior, cognitive deficit, and neuronal damages in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus and frontal cortex neurons employing a rat model of chronic restraint stress. The animal received Tarooneh extract for 14 consecutive days in water, and chronic restraint stress was performed daily during this period. The results of the Barnes maze test showed that treatment with Tarooneh significantly improves spatial memory parameters such as latency time to find the target hole, number of errors, and distance traveling compared to the stress group. The EPM results showed that Tarooneh significantly increased the time spent in open arms and the percentage of entries into open arms and significantly decreased the frequency of head dipping behavior compared to animals in the stress group. Golgi-Cox staining indicates that loss of neural spine density in DG, CA1, CA3, and frontal cortex due to chronic restraint stress, was prevented with daily administration of Tarooneh. The results of cresyl-violet staining indicate that Tarooneh significantly increased the number of CV-positive neurons in the frontal cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to the stress group. Our results suggest that Tarooneh potentially prevented and improved effects in anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, and synaptic plasticity loss in frontal and hippocampal neurons induced by chronic restraint stress. In conclusion, our results suggest that Tarooneh prevented and improved anxiety-like behavior, cognitive deficit, and neuronal damages in the CA1, CA3, and DG regions of the hippocampus and frontal cortex neurons induced by chronic restraint stress.