BACKGROUND

Three-dimensional, ECG-gated, time-resolved, three-directional, velocity-encoded phase-contrast MRI (4D flow MRI) has been applied extensively to measure blood velocity in great vessels but has been much less used in diseased carotid arteries. Carotid artery webs (CaW) are non-inflammatory intraluminal shelf-like projections into the internal carotid artery (ICA) bulb that are associated with complex flow and cryptogenic stroke.

PURPOSE

Optimize 4D flow MRI for measuring the velocity field of complex flow in the carotid artery bifurcation model that contains a CaW.

METHODS

A 3D printed phantom model created from computed tomography angiography (CTA) of a subject with CaW was placed in a pulsatile flow loop within the MRI scanner. 4D Flow MRI images of the phantom were acquired with five different spatial resolutions (0.50-2.00  mm) and four different temporal resolutions (23-96 ms) and compared to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution of the flow field as a reference. We examined four planes perpendicular to the vessel centerline, one in the common carotid artery (CCA) and three in the internal carotid artery (ICA) where complex flow was expected. At these four planes pixel-by-pixel velocity values, flow, and time average wall shear stress (TAWSS) were compared between 4D flow MRI and CFD.

HYPOTHESIS

An optimized 4D flow MRI protocol will provide a good correlation with CFD velocity and TAWSS values in areas of complex flow within a clinically feasible scan time (~ 10 min).

RESULTS

Spatial resolution affected the velocity values, time average flow, and TAWSS measurements. Qualitatively, a spatial resolution of 0.50  mm resulted in higher noise, while a lower spatial resolution of 1.50-2.00  mm did not adequately resolve the velocity profile. Isotropic spatial resolutions of 0.50-1.00  mm showed no significant difference in total flow compared to CFD. Pixel-by-pixel velocity correlation coefficients between 4D flow MRI and CFD were > 0.75 for 0.50-1.00  mm but were < 0.5 for 1.50 and 2.00  mm. Regional TAWSS values determined from 4D flow MRI were generally lower than CFD and decreased at lower spatial resolutions (larger pixel sizes). TAWSS differences between 4D flow and CFD were not statistically significant at spatial resolutions of 0.50-1.00  mm but were different at 1.50 and 2.00 mm. Differences in temporal resolution only affected the flow values when temporal resolution was > 48.4 ms; temporal resolution did not affect TAWSS values.

CONCLUSION

A spatial resolution of 0.74-1.00  mm and a temporal resolution of 23-48 ms (1-2 k-space segments) provides a 4D flow MRI protocol capable of imaging velocity and TAWSS in regions of complex flow within the carotid bifurcation at a clinically acceptable scan time.