Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Obesity, Lifestyle, and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa.
Ann Hum Biol. 2023 Feb;50(1):200-205. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2197298.
Globally, rapid economic development, urbanisation, and nutrition transitions have led to rising levels of malnutrition in all forms.
The study objective was to document the prevalence of overweight/obesity, underweight, stunting, and anaemia among Samoan children in 2019-2020.
Children from the "Growing Up" in Samoa study at ages 5-11 years with complete physical assessments were included. Overweight/obesity, underweight, and stunting were classified using World Health Organisation Z-scores for body mass index-for-age (BMIZ> +1), weight-for-age (WAZ< -2SD), and height-for-age (HAZ< -2SD), respectively. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin concentration <11.5 g/dL. Prevalence was compared by child age, sex, and census region of residence (representing urbanicity and exposure to nutrition transition) using Wilcoxon two-sample, Chi-square, or Fisher's exact tests.
The prevalence of overweight/obesity, underweight, stunting, and anaemia was 36.2%, 0.5%, 1.6%, and 31.6%, respectively. Overweight/obesity in children was positively associated with age and highly prevalent in periurban and urban regions. While children living in the rural region with the lowest exposure to nutrition transition had the highest prevalence of mild-to-moderate stunting, anaemia prevalence was lower compared to those in the urban region. No sex differences in malnutrition were observed.
Moderate-to-high levels of overweight/obesity and anaemia call for comprehensive intervention strategies.
在全球范围内，经济的快速发展、城市化以及营养转型导致各种形式的营养不良问题日益严重。
本研究旨在记录 2019-2020 年萨摩亚儿童超重/肥胖、消瘦、发育迟缓以及贫血的流行情况。
本研究纳入了“萨摩亚成长研究”中年龄在 5-11 岁且完成了完整体格评估的儿童。使用世界卫生组织的体质指数年龄 Z 评分（BMIZ> +1）、年龄体重 Z 评分（WAZ< -2SD）和年龄身高 Z 评分（HAZ< -2SD）分别对超重/肥胖、消瘦和发育迟缓进行分类。贫血定义为血红蛋白浓度 <11.5g/dL。采用 Wilcoxon 两样本检验、卡方检验或 Fisher 确切概率法，按儿童年龄、性别和居住的普查区（代表城市化和营养转型的暴露程度）比较各类别营养不良的发生率。
超重/肥胖、消瘦、发育迟缓以及贫血的发生率分别为 36.2%、0.5%、1.6%和 31.6%。儿童超重/肥胖与年龄呈正相关，在城郊和城区地区更为普遍。尽管在营养转型暴露水平最低的农村地区，儿童的中重度发育迟缓发生率最高，但与城区地区相比，贫血的发生率较低。未观察到性别间营养不良的差异。
中高度的超重/肥胖和贫血需要综合干预策略。
