Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Apr 28;23(9):4357. doi: 10.3390/s23094357.
Fifth Generation (5G) signals using the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrums are highly vulnerable to blockage due to rapid variations in channel link quality. This can cause the devices or User Equipment (UE) to suffer from connection failure. In a dual connectivity (DC) network, the channel's intermittency issues were partially solved by maintaining the UE's connectivity to primary (LTE advanced stations) and secondary (5G mmWave stations) simultaneously. Even though the dual-connected network performs excellently in maintaining connectivity, its performance drops significantly due to the inefficient handover from one 5G mmWave station to another. The situation worsens when UE travels a long distance in a highly dense obstacle environment, which requires multiple ineffective handovers that eventually lead to performance degradation. This research aimed to propose an Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) mechanism that deals with unpredictable 5G mmWave wireless channel behaviors that are highly intermittent. An adaptive algorithm was developed to automatically adjust the handover control parameters, such as Time-to-Trigger (TTT), based on the current state of channel condition measured by the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR). The developed algorithm was tested under a 5G mmWave statistical channel model to represent a time-varying channel matrix that includes fading and the Doppler effect. The performance of the proposed handover mechanism was analyzed and evaluated in terms of handover probability, latency, and throughput by using the Network Simulator 3 tool. The comparative simulation result shows that the proposed adaptive handover mechanism performs excellently compared to conventional handovers and other enhancement techniques.
第五代（5G）信号使用毫米波（mmWave）频谱，由于信道链路质量的快速变化，极易受到干扰。这会导致设备或用户设备（UE）遭受连接失败。在双连接（DC）网络中，通过同时保持 UE 与主站（LTE 高级站）和次站（5G mmWave 站）的连接，部分解决了信道间歇性问题。尽管双连接网络在保持连接方面表现出色，但由于从一个 5G mmWave 站到另一个站的切换效率低下，其性能会显著下降。当 UE 在高密度障碍物环境中长距离移动时，情况会变得更糟，这需要多次无效的切换，最终导致性能下降。本研究旨在提出一种自适应 TTT 切换（ATH）机制，以应对高度间歇性的不可预测的 5G mmWave 无线信道行为。开发了一种自适应算法，根据信号干扰噪声比（SINR）测量的当前信道状态，自动调整切换控制参数，如触发时间（TTT）。该算法在 5G mmWave 统计信道模型下进行了测试，以表示包括衰落和多普勒效应的时变信道矩阵。使用网络模拟器 3 工具，从切换概率、延迟和吞吐量方面分析和评估了所提出的切换机制的性能。比较仿真结果表明，与传统切换和其他增强技术相比，所提出的自适应切换机制性能优异。
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