Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
Front Immunol. 2023 Apr 26;14:1183258. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183258. eCollection 2023.
COVID-19 vaccination is a life-saving intervention. However, it does not come up without a risk of rare adverse events, which frequency varies between vaccines developed using different technological platforms. The increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been reported for selected adenoviral vector vaccines but not for other vaccine types, including more widely used mRNA preparations. Therefore, it is unlikely that GBS results from the cross-reactivity of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein generated after the COVID-19 vaccination. This paper outlines two hypotheses according to which increased risk of GBS following adenoviral vaccination is due to (1) generation of anti-vector antibodies that may cross-react with proteins involved in biological processes related to myelin and axons, or (2) neuroinvasion of selected adenovirus vectors to the peripheral nervous system, infection of neurons and subsequent inflammation and neuropathies. The rationale behind these hypotheses is outlined, advocating further epidemiological and experimental research to verify them. This is particularly important given the ongoing interest in using adenoviruses in developing vaccines against various infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapeutics.
COVID-19 疫苗接种是一种救生干预措施。然而，它并非没有罕见不良事件的风险，这些风险在使用不同技术平台开发的疫苗之间有所不同。已经报道了某些腺病毒载体疫苗会增加吉兰-巴雷综合征（GBS）的风险，但其他类型的疫苗，包括使用更广泛的 mRNA 制剂，则不会增加该风险。因此，GBS 不太可能是由于 COVID-19 疫苗接种后产生的针对 SARS-CoV-2 刺突蛋白的抗体的交叉反应引起的。本文根据以下两种假设概述了增加的腺病毒疫苗接种后 GBS 风险的原因：（1）产生的抗载体抗体可能与涉及髓鞘和轴突相关生物过程的蛋白质发生交叉反应，或（2） 选择的腺病毒载体向周围神经系统的神经入侵、神经元感染以及随后的炎症和神经病变。概述了这些假设的基本原理，并提倡进行进一步的流行病学和实验研究来验证它们。鉴于人们对使用腺病毒开发针对各种传染病和癌症免疫疗法的疫苗的持续兴趣，这一点尤为重要。
