Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
Chemosphere. 2023 Aug;333:138890. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138890. Epub 2023 May 12.
A simple way to reduce pesticides in cereal grains is to use washing methods. The challenge of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of reduction of 3 triazole fungicides (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole) and 3 pyrethroid insecticides (beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin) commonly used in wheat protection. Four different pre-washing methods (hot and cold water washing, twice water, and ultrasound-supported washing) were evaluated. The processing factor (PF) was calculated based on the concentration of pesticides determined by LC-MS/MS in the samples of cereal grains before and after the washing process. PFs were within the range 0.01-0.97. Time, teperature and ultrasound were factors influencing the efficiency of water treatment. The study showed that ultrasound-supported washing eliminated pesticide residues to a greater extent than ordinary washing. This process significantly affected or completely reduced concentrations of triazoles in wheat grains. The highest reduction of residues (99%) was received for tebuconazole and ultrasound washing with heating temperature of 60 °C for a total of 10 min. In all washing processes, pyrethroids were removed with lower efficiency than triazoles. The lowest residue reduction was obtained for cypermethrin and washing under cold water for 5 min (3%; PF = 0.97). Beta-Cyfluthrin showed only a 6-27% reduction regardless of the process (PF: 0.73-0.95). Using static analysis, the relationship between the properties of pesticides and the reduction of their concentration in cereals was clarified and showed a strong correlation.
减少谷物中农药残留的一种简单方法是使用洗涤方法。本研究的挑战是评估减少三种三唑类杀菌剂（苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、三唑酮）和三种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂（高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯）常用的小麦保护效果。评估了四种不同的预洗方法（热水和冷水洗涤、两次水洗和超声辅助洗涤）。基于 LC-MS/MS 在洗涤前后谷物样品中农药浓度，计算了加工因子（PF）。PF 值在 0.01-0.97 范围内。时间、温度和超声是影响水处理效率的因素。研究表明，超声辅助洗涤比普通洗涤更能有效地去除农药残留。该过程显著影响或完全降低了小麦粒中三唑类的浓度。在所有洗涤过程中，与三唑类相比，拟除虫菊酯的去除效率较低。在 60°C 下总超声洗涤 10 分钟，获得了最高的残留减少率（99%），其中以戊唑醇的减少率最高。在所有洗涤过程中，均以冷水中洗涤 5 分钟（PF=0.97）的方式，对氯氰菊酯的去除率最低（3%）。高效氯氟氰菊酯无论采用何种工艺，残留减少率仅为 6-27%（PF：0.73-0.95）。通过静态分析，阐明了农药性质与减少其在谷物中浓度之间的关系，显示出很强的相关性。
