Department of Plant and Animal Production, Atabey Vocational High School, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Türkiye.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jun;30(29):73506-73517. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-27436-w. Epub 2023 May 16.
In this study, the multiple toxicities induced by three different doses (1, 5, and 10 μM) of fusaric acid (FA), a mycotoxin, was investigated with Allium test. Physiological (percent germination, root number, root length, and weight gain), cytogenetic (micronucleus = MN, chromosomal abnormalities = CAs, and mitotic index = MI), biochemical (proline level, malondialdehyde = MDA level, catalase = CAT activity, and superoxide dismutase = SOD activity), and anatomical parameters were used as indicators of toxicity. Allium cepa L. bulbs were divided into four groups as one control and three applications. The bulbs in the control group were germinated with tap water for 7 days, and the bulbs in the treatment groups were germinated with three different doses of FA for 7 days. As a result, FA exposure caused a decrease in all physiological parameters examined at all three doses. Besides, all FA doses caused a decrease in MI and an increase in the frequency of MN and the number of CAs. FA promoted CAs such as nucleus with vacuoles, nucleus buds, irregular mitosis, bridge, and misdirection in root meristem cells. DNA and FA interactions, which are the possible causes of genotoxic effects, were examined by spectral analysis, and FA could interact with DNA through intercalation, causing bathochromic and hypochromic shifts in the spectrum. FA also causes toxicity by inducing oxidative stress in cells, confirming this; dose-related increases in root MDA and proline levels were measured as a result of FA exposure. In the root SOD and CAT enzyme activities, increases up to 5 μM doses and decreases at 10 μM doses were measured. FA exposure induced anatomical damage such as necrosis, epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, thickening of the cortex cell wall, and unclear vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. As a result, FA caused a comprehensive toxicity by showing an inhibitory effect in A. cepa test material, and the Allium test was a very useful test in determining this toxicity.
在这项研究中，采用大葱测试法研究了三种不同剂量（1、5 和 10 μM）的伏马菌素（FA）诱导的多种毒性。使用的毒性指标包括生理指标（发芽率、生根数、根长和增重）、细胞遗传学指标（微核=MN、染色体异常=CA 和有丝分裂指数=MI）、生化指标（脯氨酸水平、丙二醛=MDA 水平、过氧化氢酶=CAT 活性和超氧化物歧化酶=SOD 活性）和解剖学参数。将洋葱鳞茎分为四组，一组为对照，三组为处理。对照组的鳞茎用自来水发芽 7 天，处理组的鳞茎用三种不同剂量的 FA 发芽 7 天。结果表明，FA 暴露导致所有三种剂量下所有生理参数均下降。此外，所有 FA 剂量均导致 MI 下降，MN 和 CA 数量增加。FA 促进了根分生组织细胞中的 CA，如有空泡的核、核芽、不规则有丝分裂、桥和错位。通过光谱分析研究了 FA 与 DNA 的相互作用，这可能是导致遗传毒性的原因，FA 可以通过嵌入与 DNA 相互作用，导致光谱发生增色和减色位移。FA 通过诱导细胞氧化应激也会引起毒性，这一点得到了证实；由于 FA 暴露，测量到根 MDA 和脯氨酸水平与剂量相关增加。在根 SOD 和 CAT 酶活性中，测量到 5 μM 剂量增加，10 μM 剂量减少。FA 暴露导致根分生组织细胞出现解剖学损伤，如坏死、表皮细胞损伤、扁平细胞核、皮质细胞壁增厚和血管组织不清晰。因此，FA 通过在 A. cepa 测试材料中表现出抑制作用而引起全面毒性，并且大葱测试法是确定这种毒性的非常有用的测试方法。
