Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Aquat Toxicol. 2023 Jul;260:106566. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106566. Epub 2023 May 12.
Pesticide contamination in water resources is a global threat. Although usually found at low concentrations, pesticides raise considerable toxicological concerns, mainly when mixtures are considered. The occurrence of 22 pesticides (2,4 D, alachlor, aldicarb, aldrin, atrazine, carbendazim, carbofuran, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, DDT, diuron, glyphosate, lindane, mancozeb, methamidophos, metolachlor, molinate, profenofos, simazine, tebuconazole, terbufos, and trifluralin) was investigated, through consolidated database information, in surface freshwaters of Brazil. Moreover, scenarios of environmental risk assessment considering isolated compounds and mixtures were performed, as well as a meta-analytic approach for toxicity purposes. Pesticides in freshwater have been reported from 719 cities (12.9% of Brazilian cities), where 179 (3.2%) showed pesticide occurrence above the limit of detection or quantification. Considering cities with more than five quantified, 16 cities were prone to environmental risks considering individual risks. However, the number increased to 117 cities when the pesticide mixture was considered. The mixture risk was driven by atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and DDT. The national maximum acceptable concentrations (MAC) for nearly all pesticides are higher than the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for the species evaluated, except aldrin. Our results show the need to consider mixtures in the environmental risk assessment to avoid underestimation and review MAC to protect aquatic ecosystems. The results presented here may guide the revision of the national environmental legislation to ensure the protection of Brazilian aquatic ecosystems.
水资源中的农药污染是一个全球性的威胁。尽管通常以低浓度存在，但农药引起了相当大的毒理学关注，尤其是当考虑到混合物时。通过综合数据库信息，调查了巴西地表水 22 种农药（2,4-D、甲草胺、涕灭威、涕灭砜威、莠去津、苯并芘、氯丹、氯菊酯、滴滴涕、二甲戊乐灵、草甘膦、林丹、灭多威、甲胺磷、甲霜灵、禾草丹、丙溴磷、西玛津、噻菌灵、特丁津和三氟氯氰菊酯）的情况。此外，还对考虑到单一化合物和混合物的环境风险评估情景以及毒性的荟萃分析方法进行了研究。在 719 个城市（占巴西城市的 12.9%）报告了淡水中存在农药，其中 179 个城市（3.2%）的检出限或定量限以上存在农药。考虑到有超过 5 个城市有数据的情况，有 16 个城市在单独考虑时存在环境风险，但当考虑农药混合物时，这个数字增加到了 117 个。混合物风险由莠去津、氯菊酯和滴滴涕驱动。几乎所有农药的国家最大可接受浓度（MAC）都高于评估物种的无影响浓度（PNEC），除了艾氏剂。我们的结果表明，在环境风险评估中需要考虑混合物，以避免低估，并审查 MAC 以保护水生生态系统。这里呈现的结果可能会指导国家环境法规的修订，以确保保护巴西的水生生态系统。
