巴西三种畅销农药：淡水中的浓度及其潜在的环境风险。
Three-bestseller pesticides in Brazil: Freshwater concentrations and potential environmental risks.
机构信息
Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
出版信息
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jun 1;771:144754. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144754. Epub 2021 Jan 26.
Agricultural production in Brazil is favored by weather conditions and by the large amount of available land. Therefore, currently, Brazil is the second largest exporter of agricultural products globally. Pesticides are widely used in Brazilian crops due to their high efficiency, their low cost, and permissive legislation. However, pesticides tend to reach water resources threatening organisms and the water quality. Thereby, we aimed to review the surface freshwater concentrations of the three-bestseller pesticides in Brazil (glyphosate, 2,4D, and atrazine), and discuss the results with sales, legislation, toxicity and potential risks. For that, we performed a systematic review of quantitative studies of glyphosate, atrazine, and 2,4D in Brazilian freshwater and included monitoring data provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in our analysis. Finally, we calculated the risk assessment for the three pesticides. Only a few scientific studies reported concentrations of either of the three-bestseller pesticides in Brazilian freshwaters. Between 2009 and 2018, an increase in the sales of 2,4D, atrazine, and glyphosate was observed. It was not possible to evaluate the relation between concentrations and sales, due to limited number of studies, lack of standard criteria for sampling, individual environmental properties, and type of pesticide. Atrazine showed a higher toxicity compared to 2,4D and glyphosate. Regarding the environmental risks, 65%, 72%, and 94% of the Brazilian states had a medium to high risk to 2,4D, atrazine, and glyphosate, respectively. Finally, 80% of the Brazilian states evaluated showed a high environmental risk considering a mixture of the three pesticides. Although most of the environmental concentrations registered were below the allowed limits according to the Brazilian legislation, they are already enough to pose a high risk for the aquatic ecosystems. We, therefore, strongly recommend a revaluation of the maximum allowed values in the national surface freshwater Brazilian legislation.
巴西的农业生产得益于其有利的天气条件和大量可利用的土地。因此，目前巴西是全球第二大农产品出口国。由于其高效、低成本和宽松的法规，巴西的农作物广泛使用农药。然而，农药往往会到达威胁生物和水质的水资源中。因此，我们旨在综述巴西三种畅销农药（草甘膦、2,4-D 和莠去津）在地表淡水中的浓度，并结合销售、法规、毒性和潜在风险来讨论这些结果。为此，我们对巴西地表淡水的草甘膦、莠去津和 2,4-D 的定量研究进行了系统综述，并将巴西卫生部提供的监测数据纳入了我们的分析中。最后，我们计算了这三种农药的风险评估。只有少数科学研究报告了巴西地表淡水中这三种畅销农药中的任何一种的浓度。在 2009 年至 2018 年期间，2,4-D、莠去津和草甘膦的销售量有所增加。由于研究数量有限、采样缺乏标准准则、个体环境特性和农药类型等原因，无法评估浓度与销售量之间的关系。莠去津的毒性高于 2,4-D 和草甘膦。关于环境风险，65%、72%和 94%的巴西州分别对 2,4-D、莠去津和草甘膦具有中到高的风险。最后，考虑到三种农药的混合物，80%的巴西州评估显示出高环境风险。尽管大多数登记的环境浓度低于巴西法规允许的限度，但它们已经足以对水生生态系统构成高风险。因此，我们强烈建议重新评估巴西国家地表水法规中允许的最大浓度值。
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