Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, CEP: 97900-00, Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil.
Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, CEP: 97900-00, Cerro Largo, RS, Brazil.
J Environ Manage. 2023 Sep 15;342:118080. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118080. Epub 2023 May 15.
Complex wastewater is generated during biodiesel production. We propose a new solution for the treatment of wastewater from enzymatic pretreatment of biodiesel production (WEPBP) by using a hybrid system based on the photo-Fered-Fenton process with O assistance (PEF-Fered-O). We applied response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the suitable conditions for the PEF-Fered-O process: a current intensity of 3 A, an initial solution pH controlled at 6.4, an initial HO concentration of 12,000 mg L, and an O concentration of 50 mg L. We performed three new experiments under similar conditions with slight changes to the conditions, namely a longer reaction time (120 min) and single or periodic HO addition (i.e., small HO additions at different reaction times). Periodic HO addition provided the best removal results probably by reducing the occurrence of undesired side reactions that cause hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging. With the application of the hybrid system, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) decreased by 91% and 75%, respectively. We also evaluated the presence of metals such as iron, copper, and calcium; electric conductivity; and voltage at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. We submitted raw and treated WEPBP sludge samples to X-ray diffraction to study the degree of crystallinity. There was a rearrangement of the compounds present in treated WEPBP, possibly caused by oxidation of a large fraction of organic matter. Finally, we evaluated the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of WEPBP by using Allium cepa meristematic root cells. Treated WEPBP was less toxic to these cells, denoted by improvements in gene regulation and cell morphology. Given the current scenario for the biodiesel industry, applying the proposed hybrid PEF-Fered-O system at suitable conditions provides an efficient alternative to treat a complex matrix, namely WEPBP, to reduce its potential to cause abnormalities in the cells of living organisms. Thus, the negative impacts of the discharge of WEPBP in the environment might be reduced.
生物柴油生产过程中会产生复杂的废水。我们提出了一种新的解决方案，用于处理生物柴油生产中酶预处理废水（WEPBP），方法是使用基于光-Fered-Fenton 过程与 O 辅助（PEF-Fered-O）的混合系统。我们应用响应面法（RSM）来确定 PEF-Fered-O 过程的合适条件：电流强度为 3 A，初始溶液 pH 值控制在 6.4，初始 HO 浓度为 12,000 mg/L，O 浓度为 50 mg/L。我们在相似条件下进行了三个新的实验，仅对条件进行了微小的改变，即延长反应时间（120 分钟）和单次或周期性 HO 加入（即在不同反应时间加入少量 HO）。周期性 HO 加入可能通过减少引起羟基自由基（OH）清除的不希望的副反应的发生提供了最佳的去除效果。应用混合系统后，化学需氧量（COD）和总有机碳（TOC）分别降低了 91%和 75%。我们还评估了金属如铁、铜和钙的存在、电导率以及在 5、10、15、30、45、60、90 和 120 分钟时的电压。我们将原始和处理过的 WEPBP 污泥样品提交给 X 射线衍射进行研究，以研究结晶度。处理过的 WEPBP 中存在的化合物发生了重排，可能是由于大部分有机物的氧化所致。最后，我们使用洋葱根尖细胞评估了 WEPBP 的遗传毒性和细胞毒性。处理过的 WEPBP 对这些细胞的毒性较小，这表现在基因调控和细胞形态的改善上。考虑到生物柴油行业的现状，在合适的条件下应用所提出的混合 PEF-Fered-O 系统为处理复杂基质（即 WEPBP）提供了一种有效的替代方法，以降低其对生物体细胞产生异常的潜力。因此，可能会减少 WEPBP 在环境中的排放对环境造成的负面影响。
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