Critical elements in tissue engineering of craniofacial malformations.

Abnormal craniofacial bone fusion can lead to the generation of several congenital malformations such as cleft palate, craniosynostosis and craniofacial skeletal hypoplasia, which physically and mentally affect patients. Conventional approaches for the treatment of craniofacial malformations such as the transplantation of autologous bone grafts are not completely efficient and usually, patients suffer from various complications. In line with these statements, the advent of novel therapeutic approaches in human medicine is mandatory. Regarding the extent, size and severity of the bone malformation, supplementation and release of oxygen molecules into the affected sites are critical issues for successful osteogenesis. Here, tissue engineering modalities associated with oxygen supplementation and novel approaches associated with hydrogel synthesis were highlighted in terms of craniofacial malformations.