Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Spain.
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Spain.
J Environ Manage. 2023 Sep 1;341:118000. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118000. Epub 2023 May 16.
Multi-residue methods for the determination of the myriad of compounds of emerging concern (CECs) entering in the environment are key elements for further assessment on their distribution and fate. Here, we have developed an analytical protocol for the simultaneous analysis of 195 prescription, over-the-counter, and illicit drugs by using a combination of solid phase extraction (SPE) and determination by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method was applied to the analysis of influent sewage samples from 3 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from Cadiz Bay (SW Spain), enabling the quantification of more than 100 pharmaceuticals, 19 of them at average concentrations higher than 1 μg L, including caffeine (92 μg L), paracetamol (72 μg L), and ibuprofen (56 μg L), as well as several illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine). Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) was applied for 27 of the detected compounds to establish their consumption in the sampling area, which has been never attempted before. Caffeine, naproxen, and salicylic acid stood out because of their high consumption (638, 51, and 20 g d·1000pop, respectively). Regarding illicit drugs, cocaine showed the highest frequency of detection and we estimated an average consumption of 3683 mg d·1000pop in Cadiz Bay. The combination of new HRMS methods, capable of discriminating thousands of chemicals, and WBE will allow for a more comprehensive characterization of chemical substances and their consumption in urban environments in the near future.
多残留方法测定进入环境的新兴关注化合物（CECs）的无数化合物是进一步评估其分布和命运的关键要素。在这里，我们开发了一种分析方案，通过固相萃取（SPE）和液相色谱与高分辨率质谱（LC-HRMS）相结合，同时分析 195 种处方药、非处方药和非法药物。该方法应用于加的斯湾（西班牙西南部）3 个污水处理厂的进水污水样品分析，能够定量分析 100 多种药物，其中 19 种药物的平均浓度高于 1μg/L，包括咖啡因（92μg/L）、扑热息痛（72μg/L）和布洛芬（56μg/L），以及几种非法药物（如可卡因）。应用污水流行病学（WBE）对检测到的 27 种化合物进行了研究，以确定它们在采样区域的消费情况，这是以前从未尝试过的。咖啡因、萘普生和水杨酸因其高消费而引人注目（分别为 638、51 和 20 g d·1000pop）。关于非法药物，可卡因的检测频率最高，我们估计加的斯湾的平均消耗量为 3683mg d·1000pop。新的 HRMS 方法的结合，能够区分数千种化学物质，以及 WBE 将能够在不久的将来更全面地描述城市环境中的化学物质及其消费情况。
