Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023 Jun;55:292-299. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.03.025. Epub 2023 Apr 10.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Oral ketone supplements may mimic the beneficial effects of endogenous ketones on energy metabolism as β-hydroxybutyrate has been proposed to increase energy expenditure and improve body weight regulation. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of a one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet, fasting and supplementation with ketone salts on energy expenditure and appetite perception.
Eight healthy young adults (4 women, 4 men, age 24 ± 3 years, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m) participated in a randomized cross-over trial with four 24 h-interventions in a whole room indirect calorimeter at a physical activity level of 1.65: (i) total fasting (FAST), (ii) isocaloric ketogenic diet (3.1% energy from carbohydrates (CHO), KETO), (iii) isocaloric control diet (47.4% energy from CHO, ISO), and (iv) ISO supplemented with 38.7 g/d ketone salts (exogenous ketones, EXO). Effects on serum ketone levels (15 h-iAUC), energy metabolism (total energy expenditure, TEE; sleeping energy expenditure, SEE; macronutrient oxidation) and subjective appetite were measured.
Compared to ISO, ketone levels were considerably higher with FAST and KETO and little higher with EXO (all p > 0.05). Total and sleeping energy expenditure did not differ between ISO, FAST and EXO whereas KETO increased TEE (+110 ± 54 kcal/d vs. ISO, p < 0.05) and SEE (+201 ± 90 kcal/d vs. ISO, p < 0.05). CHO oxidation was slightly decreased with EXO compared to ISO (-48 ± 27 g/d, p < 0.05) resulting in a positive CHO balance (p < 0.05). No differences between the interventions were found for subjective appetite ratings (all p > 0.05).
A 24 h-ketogenic diet may contribute to maintain a neutral energy balance by increasing energy expenditure. Exogenous ketones in addition to an isocaloric diet did not improve regulation of energy balance.
NCT04490226 https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
口服酮补充剂可能模仿内源性酮对能量代谢的有益影响，因为β-羟丁酸已被提议增加能量消耗并改善体重调节。因此，我们的目的是比较为期一天的等热量生酮饮食、禁食和酮盐补充对能量消耗和食欲感知的影响。
8 名健康年轻成年人（4 名女性，4 名男性，年龄 24±3 岁，BMI 24.3±3.1kg/m²）参加了一项随机交叉试验，在整个房间间接热量计中进行了四项 24 小时干预，体力活动水平为 1.65：（i）完全禁食（FAST），（ii）等热量生酮饮食（3.1%的能量来自碳水化合物（CHO），KETO），（iii）等热量对照饮食（47.4%的能量来自 CHO，ISO），和（iv）ISO 补充 38.7g/d 酮盐（外源性酮，EXO）。测量血清酮水平（15 小时-iAUC）、能量代谢（总能量消耗，TEE；睡眠能量消耗，SEE；宏量营养素氧化）和主观食欲的影响。
与 ISO 相比，FAST 和 KETO 的酮水平明显更高，EXO 略高（均 p>0.05）。ISO、FAST 和 EXO 之间的总能量消耗和睡眠能量消耗没有差异，而 KETO 增加了 TEE（+110±54kcal/d 与 ISO，p<0.05）和 SEE（+201±90kcal/d 与 ISO，p<0.05）。与 ISO 相比，EXO 使 CHO 氧化略有减少（-48±27g/d，p<0.05），导致 CHO 正平衡（p<0.05）。干预之间的主观食欲评分没有差异（均 p>0.05）。
24 小时生酮饮食通过增加能量消耗可能有助于维持中性能量平衡。外加等热量饮食的外源性酮并未改善能量平衡的调节。
NCT04490226 https://clinicaltrials.gov/。
